By Paul R. Huey
Bureau of Historic Sites
New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation
Peebles Island
Waterford, N.Y.
August 1997
Anyone analyzing the results of archeological excavations in colonial Dutch sites, whether they are in Africa, North America, the Caribbean, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, or any other area colonized by the Dutch in the 16th, 17th, or 18th centuries, will require a basic reference library of sources documenting the results of excavations of sites from the same period in the Netherlands. The following bibliography lists and describes some of the many sources that relate to the archeology of the Netherlands of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries; wrecks of Dutch ships of this period en route to or from the Netherlands are also included. The abstracts reflect only the content of the sources and are free of editorializing or correction (except where indicated in brackets). Many of the reports are publications of The Foundation for the Promotion of Archaeology (SPA), and they are available for purchase from Stichting Promotie Archeologie (SPA), Lijnbaan 103, 8011 AP Zwolle, the Netherlands, phone NL-038-4212299.
This bibliography was initially prepared for the Dutch- American Material Culture Workshop sponsored by the Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology for its 1996 Annual Conference, October 18, 1996. It is a very incomplete bibliography and represents only a sampling of the extensive literature that is steadily growing. I am indebted to many people for their patient help with this project, and I wish to thank especially Jan M. Baart, Eric Nooter, Michiel H. Bartels, Janny Venema, Joseph M. Thatcher, Robert S. Neyland, Charlotte Wilcoxen, and McIntyre and Moore, Booksellers, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, for their assistance and support.
Paul R. Huey
Scientist (Archeology)
Bureau of Historic Sites
New York State Office of Parks,
Recreation and Historic Preservation
In 1969 the excavation of the ship, wrecked off the coast of Norway, was started. The wreck contained an amazing quantity of ceramics and clay pipes. The ceramics include Bellarmine jugs and earthenware skillets, pipkins, and bowls, all illustrated. There are also North Holland slipware bowls and blue and polychrome decorated faience plates. The clay pipes have various marks.
The decision was made to conduct archeological excavations in 1987 and 1988 prior to the last phase of the restoration of the Broerenkerk. Few could have surmised how great the interest and publicity would be. In the three coldest months of the year more than 39,000 people viewed the excavations. The burials that were excavated reveal information about a group of Zwolle inhabitants of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. A total of 144 burials could be identified from information in the church grave register from 1819 to 1828. The church dates from the 15th and 16th centuries and was built in three phases. The skeletons in the burials usually lay on their backs, usually with the feet to the west. Illustrates solid metal buttons from a piece of clothing, a gold ear pendant, pins used on a burial shroud, and two silver hairpins [bodkins]. Illustrates an in situ skull with coins in its eyes. Also illustrates carved gravestones from the 17th and 18th centuries from the floor of the church. Extensive analysis of the skeletal remains produced direct evidence for diagnosing diseases and causes of death. An especially detailed analysis of the teeth produced additional information. Written in Dutch.
Excavations in Amsterdam reveal that the import of ceramics from Germany occurred during all periods. Most recently the origin in Germany of Weser ware and other goods that have been found in Amsterdam has been identified as Coppengrave and other towns in that vicinity. The earthenware from Coppengrave falls into two categories: brown and green decorated ware and yellow and green decorated ware. The deposits in which the Coppengrave earthenware is found in Amsterdam date generally between 1580 and 1630. None was found in the large number of ceramics excavated from the site of the Carthusian Monastery at Delft dating ca. 1574. In Amsterdam, Weser ware occurs in deposits from before ca. 1630, whereas Werra ware appears in deposits only after ca. 1630. Written in German.
1981b "Spin- en weefgereedschappen en loden afkomstig van het Amsterdamse stadskernonderzoek." In Verslag van de Textieldag op 24 November 1979 in het Amsterdams Historisch Museum te Amsterdam over archeologische textiel, pp. 3-14. Publicatie van de Textielcommissie Musea, Commissie tot het Behoud van Museaal Textielbezit.
The development of medieval industry in particular must focus on cloth making. Archeological research provides information through the discovery of textile fragments, combs, spools, spindles, shuttles, spindle whorls, bale seals, and other objects. One source for the investigation of the technical aspects of the textile trade is the 1,531 lead cloth seals that the excavations in Amsterdam have produced. These date primarily from the 16th and 17th centuries. Although 1,440 of the seals are Dutch, 73 are English, and 11 are German. Of the 214 Dutch seals that can be identified by city, 74 are from Leiden, 50 are from Amsterdam, 25 are from Haarlem, and 23 are from Amersfoort. Three qualities of textile were established in 1584. Illustrates in black-and-white photographs examples of bale seals, spindle whorls, combs, spindles, a shuttle, and other objects. Written in Dutch.
1983 "Kook- en eetgerei de middeleeuwen." In Brood, aardappels en pata: eeuwen eten in Amsterdam edited by Renée Kistemaker and Carry van Lakerveld, pp. 71-91. Amsterdams Historisch Museum/MUUSSES, Purmerend.
Illustrates in color an 18th-century three-legged red earthenware pipkin, a 17th-century red earthenware jug with slip decoration, a wooden plate from the second half of the 16th century, a Dutch majolica mug of the 16th century and plate of the 17th century, a 16th-century stoneware jug, and glass roemers and beakers, all from excavations. Written in Dutch.
1985 "Ho-de-no-sau-nee en de Nederlanders: De wisselwerking tussen de materiële culturen van autochtonen en allochtonen in 17e-eeuw Nieuw-Nederland." In New Netherland Studies: Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Oudheidkundige Bond, Jaargang 84, nummer 2/3, Juni, pp. 89-99.
Comparison of European material from Iroquois sites with material excavated in Amsterdam. Illustrates beads from beadmaking sites in Amsterdam and a lead bale seal and an EB- marked tobacco pipe both found in Amsterdam. Written in Dutch with English summary.
1986a "Een 16de-eeuws leren wambuis naar landsknechten-mode." In De smaak van de elite: Amsterdam in de eeuw van de beeldenstorm edited by Renée Kistemaker and Michiel Jonker, pp. 68-77. Amsterdams Historisch Museum/ De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam.
In 1978 during dredging in the Oudezijds Achterburgwal in Amsterdam a crumpled piece of leather clothing was hauled up. This was a soldier's leather jacket, so complete that it was possible to reconstruct a reproduction of it. It has two connecting front pieces and two separately cut ruffs. In the spring of 1981 a second leather jacket was uncovered in Groningen. Meanwhile, during the excavation from 1979 to 1982 of the English ship Mary Rose, sunk in 1545, a large number of leather jackets was found. In their cut they are related to the Dutch examples. The example found in Amsterdam can be dated to between ca. 1550 and 1570. Written in Dutch.
1986b "Italiaanse majolica en faïence uit de Amsterdamse bodem: het tafelgoed van de gegoede burgerij." In De smaak van de elite: Amsterdam in de eeuw van de beeldenstorm edited by Renée Kistemaker and Michiel Jonker, pp. 78-92. Amsterdams Historisch Museum/ De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam.
Excavations have revealed that in the 16th century in Amsterdam many prosperous citizens possessed one or more majolica dishes. The first certain appearance of Italian majolica in an Amsterdam excavation was in a deposit from the period 1450 to 1500. This was a small fragment of a plate. On the basis of its detailed decoration, this fragment can be attributed to one of the kilns around Florence, such as at Montelupo. One of the finest pieces of majolica imported from Montelupo and found in the Netherlands in this period is a jug found in an excavation in Haarlem (illustrated). From a deposit in Amsterdam dating to the second quarter of the 16th century came once again sherds of Italian majolica plates and bowls. The decoration is primarily in blue and is borrowed from Persian porcelain. Fragments of Italian majolica plates from Montelupo have likewise been found in Utrecht from this period. From Genoa came three types of Ligurian faience. The most extensive group, not only in a deposit of 1593 to 1596 but also in the entire period of Italian imports to the Netherlands, was entirely blue-glazed and decorated in a darker blue. Kiln waste of this ware has been found in Savona and Genoa. A second group of Ligurian ware from the deposit dating 1593 to 1596 likewise has blue. This ware has, however, a white ground. The front side has a blue-painted circle with a four-part decoration. The last group of decorated faience usually attributed to Italy, excavated in various Dutch towns and earlier represented in various Dutch museums, consists of dishes, plates, and jugs with a decoration of putti surrounded with a wreath of overlapping plumes or peacock feathers in blue, yellow, and orange/brown. Usually the place of origin for these is given as Faenza. This would be a third center for the export of Italian ceramics. An entirely separate group of Italian ceramics are the dishes, plates, porringers, and salt cellars entirely covered with white tin glaze. In addition to Italian majolica and faience, there is still another Italian product, which was red-bodied and lead-glazed. It is called "marbled" earthenware, and the red body is covered over with white clay. This gave the colors brown, white, or yellow. The colors black and green could also be added. This ware is found at the end of the 16th or beginning of the 17th centuries. The red-firing clay suggests a manufacture at Pisa. Italian influences on Dutch majolica and faience manufacture consisted of the use of new techniques and of decorative influences. Written in Dutch.
1986c "Materiële cultuur in de late 16de eeuw: het milieu van een molenaarsweduwe." In Huisraad van een molenaarsweduwe: Gebruiksvoorpen uit ween 16de-eeuwse boedelinventaris. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam/De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam. pp. 93-103.
Italian and Spanish majolica was universally known but appears in relatively small amounts in household goods excavated in Amsterdam. Mostly there are only fragments of a plate. The plates were frequently broken. Some fragments were jugs or pipkins. From the excavations it can be supposed that in some households there were one or two pieces of majolica. These dishes were for the rest not particularly expensive. Written in Dutch with English summary.
1987a "Dutch Material Civilization: Daily Life Between 1650- 1776, Evidence from Archaeology." In New World Dutch Studies: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America edited by Roderic H. Blackburn and Nancy A. Kelley, pp. 1-11. Published by Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, N.Y.
Discussion of ceramics and textiles as archeological evidence of daily life. Illustrates Italian faience and majolica, Chinese porcelain, Dutch faience and majolica, Dutch red earthenware, and Westerwald and Frechen stoneware from excavations. Bale seals provide evidence of textiles. Illustrates bale seals.
1987b "Portugese faience uit Amsterdamse bodem." In Portugese faience, 1600-1660, pp. 19-92. Secretaria de Estado da Cultura, Lisbon/Amsterdams Historisch Museum, Amsterdam.
In 1981 and 1982 Portuguese ceramics were excavated in Amsterdam from the Vlooyenburg section, occupied by Portuguese Jews in the 17th century. In other places in North Holland, however, Portuguese faience has also been found, such as at Graft. The Portuguese faience dates from various times in the first half of the 17th century, but much of it dates to the 1640 to 1650 period. After ca. 1625 the decoration imitates that of Chinese Ming porcelain of the Wan Li period. Illustrates more than 50 examples in black-and- white and color photographs. Written in Portuguese and in Dutch.
1990 "Ceramic Consumption and Supply in Early Modern Amsterdam: Local Production and Long-distance Trade." In Work in Towns: 850-1850 edited by Penelope J. Corfield and Derek Keene, pp. 74-85. Conference Reports: Social and Economic Study of Medieval London, 9-11 July 1987. University of London, Leicester/London/New York.
Prior to 1500 most of the earthenware used in Amsterdam was locally produced, made from local clays. Between 12 and 25% of the remaining earthenware was imported from Germany, and a small amount also came from Spain. In the 16th century and even more so in the 17th century there is a much larger variety of products from a much wider range of sources. In addition to products from the Netherlands, there were ceramics from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, England, Germany, Denmark, China, and Japan. Italian majolica was imported to Amsterdam from Montelupo, near Florence, and soon the products of Liguria were also imported. French refined earthenware from Saintonge also was imported, but never in as great a quantity as the Italian. In the later 17th century the production of faience at Delft enlarged on an extraordinary scale and brought an end to the imports from Italy, France, and Portugal. The import of Chinese porcelain, however, steradily increased and eventually constituted some 30 to 40% of the total consumption of ceramics in Amsterdam. Germany was the source for pitchers and storage jugs, but the manufacture of red earthenware cooking pots became concentrated at Bergen op Zoom by about 1500. Cheaper red and white earthenwares came from Germany. As in medieval times, red earthenware continued with a high rate of use in the 16th century (about 80%), but it dropped in the 17th century to about 50% and in the 18th century to no more than 10 or 20%. Cheap, black, hand-shaped cooking pots were also imported to Amsterdam in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries from Denmark. Clay pipe manufacturing was a 17th-century industry established by English soldiers who had been pipe makers. The Dutch ceramics industry began to falter in the later 18th century, and after 1750 English wares are found in Amsterdam.
1993 "The Price of Pottery." In Assembled Articles 1: Symposium on Medieval and Post-Medieval Ceramics, Nijmegen, 2 and 3 September 1993, pp. 171-175. Stichting Promotie Archeologie, Zwolle.
Around 1300 Mediterranean majolica first appears in the Netherlands and elsewhere in northwest Europe. The price of a Spanish majolica jug in the 14th century must have been higher than that for one of German stoneware. Thus, there were larger concentrations of majolica excavated in the context of the rich St. Pieter hospital in Amsterdam compared to only a single piece per house elsewhere. This majolica is also found in larger amounts in Sluis, because Sluis was an important harbor for importing this ware. Similar patterns occur with the distribution of 17th-century Chinese porcelain and of faience from Portugal and Italy. When Dutch faience is produced on a large scale around the middle of the 17th century, however, it appears associated with all economic levels.
1994 "Dutch Redwares." In Medieval Ceramics, number 18, pp. 19-27.
Plates with thumbed feet were produced after after 1300 and in the 15th and 16th centuries were extremely popular and widespread, reflecting a change in dining practices. Food was served at dinner on dishes rather than on trenchers. Around 1500 some plates were coated with slip and then sgraffito-decorated. By 1500 most urban settlements had potters. Illustrates a complete typology of Dutch red earthenware vessel forms from 1200 to 1700.
1995 "Combs." In One Man's Trash is Another Man's Treasure, pp. 175-187. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam, and Jamestown Settlement Museum, Williamsburg, Va.
Combs have been found in 17th-century graves excavated in the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp. Comb cases have been found in Amsterdam and in Dordrecht. After the 14th century bone or ivory combs were gradually superseded by boxwood combs. Around 1625 boxwood went out of fashion, and combs made of walrus ivory were produced in quantity. Illustrates combs made of boxwood and of walrus ivory. Written in English and in Dutch.
Evidence of the use of glass in Amsterdam in the 17th century was provided by excavations in 1972 for the subway and also for the new city hall. There are two groups of glass for the periods 1610 to 1625 and 1675 to 1700. A house on a canal was compared with a house on a street. The house on the street (Korte Houtstraat 26) had only one small plain crystalline beaker. The house on the canal had at least 16 berkemeier glasses from Germany and eight glasses that were made in Amsterdam. Glass from Germany was inexpensive, but the price increased because of shipment and labor costs. Illustrates excavated privies and examples of beakers, berkemeiers, a flute, roemers, and other glassware. Written in German.
1986a "Herstellung und Gebrauch von Trinkglas in Amsterdam (1580-1640)." In Spechtergläser: Austellung im Glasmuseum Wertheim, pp. 55-85. Glasmuseum Wertheim, Wertheim.
A large deposit of glassmaking waste was found in Amsterdam on the Keizersgracht at numbers 263-273. Glassmaking waste, very small beads, and small fragments provide evidence of the varieties of production. Glassware dating betwen 1580 and 1596 was found on the Waterlooplein, excavated in 1980 and 1981. Four groups of decorated beakers can be defined. Crystalline glass beakers are not found in Dutch sites predating ca.1580, such as the Carthusian Monastery excavated in Delft. The evidence of bead manufacturing represents many types, including beads for local use as cheap jewelry but also for use in foreign trade, as with the American Indians. Illustrates glassmaking waste from the manufacture of vetro a fili beakers and other types of Venetian glass, passgläser, berkemeiers, and tubular and rounded polychrome beads. Written in German.
1986b "Opgravingen aan de Oostenburgermiddenstraat." In Van VOC tot Werkspoor edited by J.B. Kist, pp. 81-142. Matrijs, Utrecht.
In 1982 excavations in Amsterdam were conducted as part of a multidisciplinary study of the Oostenburg, Kattenburg, and Wittenburg, which were areas of ships' wharves, trades buildings, magazines, and houses and were some of the most varied industrial complexes of 17th-century western Europe. Selected for thorough study were numbers 20, 22, 24, and 26 Oostenburgermiddenstraat. The construction date of the house was between 1707 and 1738/42. Illustrates site plans, quantitative data in charts and graphs, and drawings of clay pipes (including 160 pipe makers' marks), shoes, and ceramic and glass vessel forms. Black-and-white photographs illustrate a wide variety of 18th-century ceramics, bricks, bottles and other glassware, beads, shells, seeds, nuts, textiles, coins, wood gaming pieces, toys, knife handles, spoons, a candle snuffer, buttons, a buckle, a comb, a tobacco box, and a heather broom. Written in Dutch.
1990 Italianse en Nederlandse witte faïence (1600-1700). Mededelingenblad Nederlandse vereniging van vrienden van de ceramiek, 138, number 2.
Lunsingh Scheurleer was the first to identify Italian bianchi di Faenza as the model for plain white Delftware, and he dated the beginning of Dutch production at around 1600. In the last quarter of the 16th century there was a great increase in the import of bianchi di Faenza to Amsterdam from Liguria and, in the first half of the 17th century, also from Venice. The earlier ware, from about 1600 to 1625, has creamier glaze with a body that is often pink, while the later ware from about 1625 to the 1650s has a whiter glaze and a body that is more often yellow. Lobed dishes were the most popular pieces for export to Amsterdam. Plates, cups, porringers, salt cellars, mustard pots, and oil and vinegar jugs are also found. Dutch white faience begins to appear in Amsterdam excavations during the 1640s, represented by lobed dishes. The earlier lobed dishes have narrow lobes in imitation of the Italian form. Those with very wide lobes are typical of the second half of the 17th century. Plates were especially common between 1675 and 1725. Also in the second half of the 17th century there are many bowls, porringers, and large platters. Jugs began to be produced in the Netherlands around 1660. The archeological evidence suggests that white faience from about 1660 to 1675 was expensive. After 1675 it was more often used as kitchen and tableware and remained popular until about 1725. Written in Dutch with English summary.
For the study of 16th- and 17th-century costume history in the Netherlands, consideration of small accessories such as buttons is very important. The 159 buttons from Amsterdam excavations are divided into four chronological groups: 1500- 1575, 1575-1600, 1600-1660, and 1660-1700. Only three examples in the first group are known; two are made of pewter, and one is bronze. Small opaque round dark green glass buttons belong to the the second period and have been found in Nova Zembla, Amsterdam, and Haarlem. Illustrates many examples. Written in Dutch.
Discussion of previous excavations in Amsterdam with an overview of other urban archeological projects beginning with work in Novgorod and continuing in Gdansk, Budapest, Lübeck, Bergen, Dublin, Winchester, London, Dordrecht, and other cities. Illustrated chapters on leather shoes and other objects, textiles, lead bale seals, spindle whorls, combs, pins, needles, scissors, thimbles, jewelry, buckles, buttons, beads, rings, ceramics, spoons, knives, spigots, keys, locks, graphite pencil holders, spectacles, book clasps, tools, faunal remains, parasites, and much more represent the full range of material culture from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Written in Dutch with English summaries.
A variety of recording techniques have been used on this wreck. A photomosaic has been made of the timber layer. The stern post has been raised.
Excavation of a block in the center of the old city began in March 1991. The block had contained houses until 1913, when a tram station was built there. In 1935 the tram station was replaced by a garden and fountain. The excavation lasted four weeks. List, description, and plan of 129 features (walls, floors, cisterns, cellar stairs, wooden privies, wells, post holes, etc.) dating from the first half of the 13th through the 19th centuries. Describes ceramics from five privies and wells dating from the 16th through the early 19th centuries, including an early 19th-century apothecary's privy containing English pearlware and other ceramics. Illustrates with black-and-white photographs and drawings examples of Rhenish stoneware, English white salt-glazed stoneware, red earthenware, white earthenware, Dutch majolica, Dutch faience, porcelain, creamware, glassware, clay pipes, coins, a miniature fireback, combs, knife handles, a domino, a tooth brush, and decorated wall tiles. Most of the clay pipes date from the 18th century. Written in Dutch.
De Liefde was built in 1698 and was wrecked in 1711. An iron gun and two silver ducatoons were found at the site in 1964. Excavation has produced many artifacts, including a clay pipe, a thimble, buckles, a bronze breech block from a cannon, bronze bell fragments, a silver sword hilt, pewter spoons, a lead weight, and knife handles of horn, ivory, and ebony, all illustrated.
The wreck was discovered in the 1960s by a local fisherman, and it is known as the "pipe wreck" because of the hundreds of clay pipes found there. A large number of the pipes bear the mark of Edward Bird of Amsterdam. Other artifacts recovered during the past summer include an iron cannon, navigational dividers, wampum beads, thimbles, brass tacks, two candle sticks, faunal remains, pieces of cordage, and thousands of ceramic sherds and clay pipes. Coins were found that were first minted in 1651. Coral concretions have sheltered much of the hull from envioronmental damage. Between the outer hull planking and the sheathing was a black resinous mixture of animal hair and tar. There was evidence of repairs to the keel and to the outer planking. Wood samples were determined to be oak that did not grow in continental Europe and came probably from England.
1996 "Dendrochronology and the Monte Cristi Pipe Wreck." The Broadside, Volume 3, Number 1, Summer, pp. 3-4. Published by the Pan-American Institute of Maritime Archaeology.
It was found that the timbers of the wreck were not from continental Europe but were most likely from England. The construction of tthe ship also appears to have been English. It had been thought the ship was Dutch because of its cargo of Dutch ceramics and clay pipes. The ship may have been a merchant ship under the Dutch flag when it sank, or it may have been a ship captured by the Dutch of a Dutch ship built under foreign contract.
Applied features are those functional parts that were added to the body of a pot. The differences between these features and how they were applied could be useful in the study of regional traditions as well as changes in pottery production. Data from excavations in Leiden and from Alkmaar are useful. In Alkmaar the site of a pottery workshop dating from ca. 1550 to 1620 was excavated. The ceramic typology used in Leiden accounts for about 80% of all the red earthenware types produced there from ca. 1350 to 1600. However, at Leiden there is remarkably little variety compared to the wide range of products from the Utrecht kilns where there were perhaps as many as two to four times as many types. Possibly Leiden pottery was a small-town local market production whereas Utrecht and Bergen op Zoom were oriented toward large-scale export. Regional differences faded in the late 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, with greater standardization. Evidence from the work of several potters in Alkmaar shows that the hollow handles of early medieval skillets were replaced by the typically flat, massive straight handles beginning about 1350. Later, the swallow- tailed handle appeared in the 16th century, having been invented by Bergen op Zoom potters in the late 15th century. Includes a typology of applied features including handles, lugs, feet, and footrings on earthenware, with illustrations of drawings.
In September 1991 excavations were conducted at a building site on the Wortelsteeg, an alley in the northeastern part of Alkmaar. Many pottery wasters had already been collected from a site at the corner of Wortelsteeg and Wageweg. Remains of a circular pottery kiln were unfortunately destroyed at the site in 1987. Foundations of several buildings were uncovered in 1991. Potters were active on this site from about 1550 to 1620. Many more wasters were found. There was a soap factory on the site from 1626 until 1937. There are archeological remains from seven periods beginning ca. 1475. The foundations of one house can be attributed to the period between 1493 and 1519. In former back yards of houses were found garden walls, water cisterns, privies, and trash pits. The contents of one privy can be dated to the period 1573 to 1677. Leather objects include not only shoes but also a complete workman's shirt found in a deposit of kiln waste. Pits filled with dung from sheep reveal information about plants in the vicinity. Samples of pollen, seeds, shells, and bone were recovered from privies; fruit and vegetable remains included rice. Faunal remains included lamb, calf, birds, fish, lobster, crab, and shellfish. A privy representing especially prosperous occupants contained porcelain and façon de Venise glass. The final phases of the pottery making at the site included production of both red and white lead-glazed earthenwares. The white-firing clay had to be imported. The handles on the white earthenware suggest the presence of a workman from Cologne or Frechen. Glazed pantile fragments were used as kiln props, and the pots were stacked in the kilns on their sides. The pottery was mainly utilitarian, consisting of skillets, cooking pots, dishes, and small bowls. Green- glazed white earthenware skillets were produced. Illustrates with black-and-white photographs and drawings examples of glass roemers and tumblers as well as beakers, wine glasses, porcelain, Dutch faience and majolica, stoneware, red and white earthenwares, pewter, shoes, clay pipes, a gable stone dated 1684, a child's toy wooden wagon, and a leather and wood book cover with brass clasps. Written in Dutch with an English summary.
Two lots on the Langestraat in Alkmaar were excavated where two historic buildings were destroyed by a fire in 1992. The owners and occupants of each of the house lots have been thoroughly documented from 1552 to the early 20th century. The archeological features were dated in relation to 15 time periods, from the Late Bronze Age (period 1) to the 19th century (period 15). The three earlier periods before the 19th century were period 12 (ca. 1425 to 1550), period 13 (ca. 1550 to 1700), and period 14 (ca. 1700 to 1800). Each feature was catalogued as to period number and an alphabetical code. Artifacts from eight privies were recovered and analyzed. The absence of any evidence of the heavy floods that struck Alkmaar in the 12th and 13th centuries was surprising. Remains of houses from the 14th century were found. Brick houses were built on both lots about 1400 to 1425, and they underwent many subsequent alterations. One house was an inn until around 1600. The artifacts associated with occupation of the other house lot suggest rather poor inhabitants until about 1400, when the house was enlarged, and new occupants used glassware, Rhenish stoneware, Dutch majolica, and Spanish lustre ware. The privy of a wealthy occupant from the first half of the 17th century contained façon de Venise glassware, a giant glass beaker decorated with gold foil, and many other glass vessels. The houses typified the separation of work spaces from living spaces from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Typically, houses of the less wealthy were together with the larger houses of the very wealthy on the same street. In addition, some of the wealthier occupants apparently used less expensive ceramics and clay pipes in the 18th century. The archeological data document though the 17th and 18th centuries the increasing variation and increasingly specific functions of ceramics as well as their new shapes and forms. The artifact catalogue is illustrated with black-and-white photographs and many drawings. Written in Dutch with an English summary.
Description of archeological excavations in Gelderland at Arnhem and in the Zuid-Veluwe. Excavations in the Hemelrijk in Arnhem produced glassware, namely roemers from the first half of the 17th century. Red earthenware was the best- represented ceramic ware. The next were late medieval stoneware, white-bodied earthenware with yellow slip and lead glaze, red earthenware with green lead glaze, white earthenware with iron or manganese oxide lead glaze, and plain white tin-glazed earthenware. There were much smaller amounts of majolica, Chinese porcelain, and blue-decorated tin-glazed earthenware. Illustrates photographs of white- bodied pipkins, Rhenish stoneware, and slip-decorated red earthenware from the 16th and 17th centuries. Written in Dutch.
An Iroquois Indian site dating ca. 1600 contained fragments of a Weser ware vessel similar to examples recovered from contexts of ca. 1590 to 1600 in Amsterdam. The vessel had a pale salmon-colored body covered with a fine white slip on the interior surface under a lead glaze. Medium orange/brown slip trailed in a pattern of concentric circles with green mottling decorated the piece.
Since the discovery in 1896 in Germany of the site of a kiln that produced red-bodied earthenware distinctively decorated with yellow slip and lead glazed near the small town of Wanfried on the river Werra, the name Wanfried ware has been applied to this pottery. In the late 1970s more of this ware was found in other towns on the Werra, and Wanfried ware was renamed Werra ware. This ware is now found regularly in the western Netherlands and around the Zuiderzee. They were regarded as imports from Germany, but new discoveries at Enkhuizen have overturned this view. Dirk Claeszen Spiegel, a Dutch cloth merchant, owned a pottery at Enkhuizen from 1602 to 1608, and excavations at this site beginning in 1979 produced extensive evidence of the production of this ware. A few complete dishes bearing dates 1603 and 1604 were found among wasters in a stratified pit, and a brick well nearby contained evidently all the wasters from the year 1605. The material above them evidently represents the eventual clearing of the site and includes fragments with dates as late as 1609. Werra ware decoration was divided into three zones: in the center of the dish was an image; then, on the flange were about five spiral coils; and then on the rim were oblique dashes. Enkhuizen decoration included Adam and Eve, flowers, fruits and trees, and animals such as deer, hares, fish, and birds. All the decorations are very similar to German examples from the Werra region. The German decorators at Enkhuizen initially used German dishes as examples, yet there are distinct deviations from the German examples in the style of dress and costumes, for example. Three styles of women's dress can be distinguished. Only two styles of men's dress appear on the Enkhuizen plates. Illustrates with drawings and both black-and-white and color many examples. Written in Dutch, in German, and in English.
During a comprehensive soil cleaning project in 1993 at the site of the former gas works on the Asvest in Delft, archeological observation was performed. The project area extended beyond the former city rampart, over the moat filled in 1900, and over an area within which the earlier city wall had been located. Because of the heavy pollution of the soil, the fill within the canal had to be entirely removed. While it was not possible to salvage artifacts from the fill systematically, precise recording would have been of little meaning because no direct connection can be established with specific households from which the trash originated. Between the moat and the occupation area always stood the city wall. One exception was the small deposit of pottery wasters and rubbish. Unfortunately, much of this was lost during the soil cleaning or through the work of clandestine diggers, but a small group of objects from the kiln waste has been retrieved. The potter had specialized in the manufacture of tea pots, including lids, spouts, and handles. They are of a type regularly found in 18th-century sites in Delft and the immediate area. The ceramic body is of hard-fired, iron-rich clay, of an orange to dark red color. Associated artifacts in the fill do not offer precise dating of the tea pots. The clay pipe bowls date mostly from the 1720s, while the earliest datable ceramic is a tea pot of red stoneware from about 1700. Essentially, most of the material dates from the second and third quarters of the 18th century. Illustrates examples of the tea pots with drawings. Written in Dutch.
The archeological evidence shows that the occupants of the site in the 14th and 15th centuries were fairly prosperous, with a high percentage of stoneware, although luxury meats such as game and poultry were not consumed. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, however, the consumption of beef decreased and was replaced with more expensive mutton and pork. The more expensive chicken became the most popular type of poultry. Nevertheless until the mid 16th century the occupants were not among the Delft élite; fragments of beautifully decorated stoneware jugs were absent, and not until the early 17th century did glassware include elegant wine glasses covered with a thin layer of gold, in association with bones of a dwarf dog and of wild game such as those of hare. Some of the occupants in the 17th and 18th centuries were among the wealthiest citizens of Delft. Clearly, the prosperity level increased during the second half of the 16th century, but an absence of archeological data from just that period makes it difficult to trace this change. Economic change included the establishment of breweries between 1544 and 1600. Remains of a structure on the Smitsteeg was probably a malthouse belonging to the Rosbel brewery. The breweries declined during th 18th century. Trash pits from the 15th and 16th centuries produced mainly red earthenware, while the relative abundance of Siegburg stoneware declined from the amounts in the preceding period. In trash pits from the 17th and 18th centuries Siegburg stoneware was absent. Stoneware in general decreased and was completely absent in the 18th- century fill deposits except for an occasional fragment of a Raeren jug, coarse kitchen utensils, or Westerwald vessels. White-bodied earthenware became more expensive than red earthenware. The shapes of pipkins changed at the end of the 16th century, making it easy to distinguish them from earlier examples. The most common Delftware vessels were plates and dishes, decorated in Chinese designs. Faience gallipots, or albarelli, were also found. Porcelain was well represented. Illustrates in color and black-and-white photographs as well as drawings examples of all types of ceramics, glassware, tubular glass beads strung to form a hairnet, clay pipe marks, pewter spoons, knives, furnace slag, leather shoes, wooden objects, toys, faunal remains, and excavated features.
Fully illustrated catalogue of artifacts excavated in The Hague, with chapters on dated artifacts, tin-glazed ceramics decorated with landscapes, artifacts depicting animals, artifacts depicting humans, artifacts depicting love and marriage, ceramics and other artifacts bearing coats of arms, ceramics and a pipe bowl celebrating the House of Orange, and objects with other inscriptions. Written in Dutch.
1993 "MAE: Wat doen we ermee?: Voorlopig verslag van de analyse van aardewerk uit laat- en postmiddeleeuwse vondstcomplexen in Nederland en België (1350-1800)." In Assembled Articles 1: Symposium on Medieval and Post- Medieval Ceramics, Nijmegen, 2 and 3 September 1993, pp. 55-86. Stichting Promotie Archeologie, Zwolle.
Interim report on the quantitative analysis of pottery based on minimum number of specimens (MNS) from late- and postmedieval assemblages in the Netherlands and in Belgium. These data may contain evidence that enable comparisons relating to wealth and status, while deviant assemblages can be studied in relation to documentary sources. It appears that in this period in the Netherlands are two distinct pottery regions. In the western Netherlands the proportion of grayware and stoneware falls from the mid-14th century on, and assemblages are predominanly red earthenware. In the eastern Netherlands grayware and stoneware remain relatively prominent in the 15th century while red earthenware spread inland from the coastal provinces. After about 1600 the Netherlands form a fairly uniform pottery region with minor differences still detectable between the east and west. The data also make possible the classification of pottery assemblages into categories of wealth. A "pottery wealth quotient" figure is obtained by dividing the sum of the percentages of "luxury" ceramics by the sum of the percentages of the more "common" ceramics. The figures can be plotted in a diagram, but the dating of each assemblage must be taken into consideration. During the period of study, the percentage of ceramics classified as tableware increased while the percentage of ceramics clasified as "food preparation" ware decreases. This is perhaps because food increasingly was prepared in metal utensils while ceramics replaced wooden tableware. During the 18th century in the western Netherlands ceramic assemblages indicate that porcelain was was over-represented and lead-glazed earthenware was under-represented in probate inventories. Written in Dutch with English summary.
Illustrates the wrecks of the Amsterdam and the Batavia in black-and-white photographs and drawings; illustrates a black-and-white photograph and drawing of the stern post of the Batavia. In 1909 the wreck of the Dutch warship Brederode, sunk in 1658 near Helsingör, Denmark, was subject to salvage operations. The bottom of the ship has survived. The Scheepvaart Museum has ceramics, an iron cannon, parts of a gun carriage, and other objects that were raised.
A new, additional category is proposed for the chronological typology of ceramics applied to the ceramics from Deventer, Campen, Zwolle, Kessel, Nijmegen, and Hasselt. In additon to the categories for type number (including the fabric) and for name/function, there should be a category for "main-form" to indicate a more general vessel form. The name/function category is used for specific Dutch names used historically to distinguish between saucers, lobed dishes, fish drainers, salt cellars, and other types of plates. There are still problems with the main-forms of cups and bowls. The cup is a form that was introduced with the Chinese porcelain tea cup and was copied in tin-glazed faience. It is only rarely found in red or white earthenware, and the eartlier red and white earthenware cups therefore should be classified as bowls. There are problems with some of the red earthenware bowls from Nijmegen, since they are not open forms. But if they are called pots they will form a separate subgroup within the main-form of pots. Illustrates with drawings and graphs types from Deventer, Campen, and Nijmegen.
1993b "Naam, functie en vorm. Een discussie aan de hand van enkele borden van Werra-keramiek." In Assembled Articles 1: Symposium on Medieval and Post-Medieval Ceramics, Nijmegen, 2 and 3 September 1993, pp. 133- 138. Stichting Promotie Archeologie, Zwolle.
As far as is known, in Zwolle at four different locations sherds of six objects made of so-called Werra ware have been found. These are in a building site on the Ossenmarkt, in a cellar of the so-called Celehuisje, among the trash and debris of a house on the Walstraat, and during the restoration of the city wall between Diezerpoort and Wijndragerstoren in 1977 and 1978. The plate fragment from the Walstraat is dated 1611 (illustrated). A plate fragment from the Ossenmarkt is dated 1617 (illustrated). A third plate is complete and is dated 1618 (illustrated). From the trash left by a group of women maintained by charity comes an ornament: a two-handled decorated Werra bowl bearing the date 1593 (illustrated). The fragment found between Diezerpoort and Wijndragerstoren is from a looking-glass and is dated 1613. Written in Dutch.
A well sealed in the early 17th century in Kessel Castle was excavated in 1958. Ten boxes of sherds from that excavation have now been analyzed. The material represents two periods: the first half of the 16th century and ca. 1600. Some of the stoneware is from Siegburg, but most of it is from Raeren. White earthenware was imported from the Maas valley (Andenne ware) or the lower Rhineland. The Andenne ware is mostly represented by plates with red slip decoration. Red earthenware sherds are greatly in the minority at Kessel Castle. Since the production of Dutch faience began only after about 1620, the faience in this well is most likely of Italian origin. Two examples of Dutch majolica were found. Other ceramics include Hispanic lustre ware and Beauvais earthenware. Illustrates the ceramics with drawings and black-and-white photographs. Written in Dutch with an English summary.
This study presents only a small part of the data from the reearch project on the Burseplein in Deventer. Red earthenware was typical of local wares after the 14th century. White earthenware was imported; only on a limited scale was inferior ware made from iron-poor clay that otherwise came from southern and middle Limburg near at the entrance of the Maas valley. In the beginning of the 16th century a majolica kiln was in production in Utrecht. Porcelain arrived first in Middelburg in 1602 in a captured Portuguese ship. Faience was produced with tin glaze on both sides of plates by means of a different stacking technique used in the kilns by the middle of the 17th century. In Deventer the earliest glass is found in an early 15th-century context. Describes privies, trash pits, and cellars with illustrations and inventories of associated ceramics and glassware. Also includes descriptions, analysis, and illustrations of pewter, a silk ribbon, a heather brushes, an ivory comb, faunal remains, plant remains, leather shoes, and other material. Written in Dutch.
With excavations in urban contexts privy vaults (mostly within or directly against the rear or side gable of a house) and privy pits (in the yard to the rear of a house) were regularly encountered. The earliest brick privy vaults in Nijmegen date from the second half of the 14th century. In the earliest deposits both red and gray-bodied earthenware was found. Both were made from the same clay. Some vessels have a white clay slip on the outside and were probably produced in Kampen. One privy vault filled from about 1675 to 1750 contained mostly red earthenware vessels, with faience and majolica vessels second in number, porcelain third most common, and white earthenware fourth. A well filled from the last quarter of the 17th century to the second half of the 18th century contained remains mostly of red earthenware vessels, with faience second most common and English creamware third. Illustrates many examples of the ceramics with drawings and photographs, also drawings to illustrate a typology of bases for glass beakers. Illustrates with black-and-white photographs and drawings examples of roemers, beakers, and wine glasses. Leather objects include shoes and shoe parts, a child's mask, a bag or purse, and scabbards. Wood objects include plates and bowls, spoons, combs, and knife handles. Hair, rope, and textiles include men's hair braids. Most of the clay pipes are from Gouda. Other artifacts and materials fully illustrated, described, and analyzed include medals, coins, pins, thimbles, buckles, a brass button, knives, pewter spoons, a pewter porringer, a pewter chamber pot, iron tools, nails, horseshoes, hardware, faunal remains, a carding comb, combs made of ivory and of multiple material, bone bars from a xylophone, parasites, cereal remains, nuts, fruits, seeds, and all types of ceramics and glass. Written in Dutch.
The privy was found in 1978 in the northeast part of the town center of Dordrecht, South Holland, close to the Nieuwkerk. Through the finding of a quantity of dated pieces it was possible to date the contents of the privy closely. These dated pieces were a 1597 Raeren stoneware jug, a 1601 Raeren stoneware jug, a 1602 Wanfried plate, and a 1611 Wanfried plate. Other ceramics included two Weser ware jugs, a complete polychrome-decorated Dutch majolica plate, large fragments of other majolica plates, fragments of Dutch majolica albarelli and a porringer, fragments of white or buff earthenware green or yellow glazed, and an enormous amount of red earthenware (115 vessels). There were also coins, pewter spoons, wine glasses, and clay pipes. One pipe has a crowned IP heel mark, while another has a WH heel mark with 1617 date. Written in Dutch with an English summary.
Discussion of urban excavations in Alkmaar and of artifacts through the medieval period, including shoes, faunal remains, ceramics, and other evidence. The wall of a cloister built in 1415 was found, built of yellow bricks, in addition to a brick-built drain adjacent to the wall. The drain contained faunal remains and a significant collection of 15th- and 16th-century ceramics and 16th-century glassware. Illustrates a yellow-glazed piggy bank from the ceramic assemblage. Elsewhere, the foundation of the Gevangenpoort built in 1532 was found, built of red bricks 27 centimeters in length. The yellow bricks of the drain of the cloister wall were only 19 or 20 centimeters in length. Medieval wells were constructed of wooden barrels which had been used as wine casks. The use of typical red earthenware three- legged pipkins (grapen) spread rapidly with the increased use of lead glaze after about 1325. Written in Dutch.
The wreck was located in 1971. It is in very decayed condition. Cannon include 6-pounder bronze guns and a bronze mortar dated 1743. Illustrates a bronze musket ball mold, a sounding lead, a spigot, a buckle, a musket side plate, a bronze mortar and stone pestle, pewter, a tobacco box, sleeve links, a two-tined silver fork, and cloak clasps. There is evidence of mercury on the ship.
In 1973 large areas of wreckage from the Hollandia, sunk in 1743, were sighted south of the main site. During 11 years of work, a large collection of navigational instruments has been found, including rulers, a graphite pencil, slates, sounding leads, a telescope eye piece, twelve pairs of brass dividers, a brass drawing compass, and other objects. A navigational ruler made by J. van Keulen was found.
Illustrates excavated buttons, a knife, fork, and spoon, thimbles, and lead bale seals from Campen, Leiden, and Amsterdam.
The small pipe making industry of Schoonhoven began in the 17th century and, like those of Amsterdam, Gouda, and Rotterdam, was started by English soldiers. The pipe makers' guild was formed in 1767, and guild regulations were published in 1774. In Schoonhoven mostly poor-quality pipes were produced, in competition with the poorest of three quality grades of pipes produced in Gouda. The guild ceased in 1793, and after that date nothing is know of the industry in Schoonhoven. Illustrates examples of 18th-century Schoonhoven pipe bowls.
1980b "Clay Pipe Manufacturing Processes in Gouda, Holland." In The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe edited by Peter Davey, IV. Europe, I, pp. 179-217. BAR International Series 92. B.A.R., Oxford, England.
White-firing clay needed for tobacco pipes is not found in Holland, so it was imported from England, Cologne, Andenne, and other places. Until the 29th century potters fired pipes for the pipe makers, although by 1747 Gouda pipe makers were granted permission to build their own kilns. Unfortunately, no old kiln has been preserved in Gouda. Three qualities of pipes were produced. Illustrates pipe molds, tools, and old photographs of the Goudewaagen factory and workers.
1981 The Clay Tobacco Pipe in Seventeenth-Century Netherlands. The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe edited by Peter Davey, V. Europe, 2. BAR International Series 106 (ii). B.A.R., Oxford, England.
Historical review of pipe makers and pipe making in Dutch cities and towns from Alkmaar to Zwolle. Tobacco was introduced to the Netherlands at the end of the 16th century by the English, as early as 1580. The English played a dominant role in pipe making in the Netherlands before ca. 1640. Illustrates many pipes and makers' marks and identifies makers.
1982 Merken van Goudse pijpenmakers: 1660-1940. Uitgeversmaatschappij De Tijdstroom Lochem, Poperinge.
In the development of Gouda pipes, the bowl opening initially was sloping but soon changed in angle. When the final egg- shaped bowl design was developed around 1740, the quality of the pipes continued to deteriorate. Illustrates with drawings examples of "fine" or "porcelain" quality pipe bowls and coarse quality pipe bowls. Also illustrates Gouda bowl marks, with approximate date ranges.
Dutch onion-shaped bottles continued to be produced long after the English had ceased to produce them, as shown by bottles from the wrecks of the Hollandia (1743) and the Amsterdam (1747). They are distinctive, with no exact English counterpart. However, some very typically English- looking bottles were among the bottles from the Hollandia auctioned in 1977, and they appeared to date earlier than 1740. Such bottles may have been used over a long period of time. Many 18th-century Dutch bottles have also been recovered from canals in the Netherlands.
Illustrates examples of 13 earthenware pipkins, 12 earthenware skillets, and three salt-glazed stoneware jugs from a 16th-century wreck found at Esselholm. Two of the jugs are Bellarmines. The earthenware is either Dutch or Flemish from the second half of the 16th century, while the stoneware is Rhenish. Written in Finnish.
Popular history and description of the wreck of the 38-gun East India Company ship Zeewyk in 1727 on a reef of the Abrolhos Islands off the western Australia coast. In 1966 an ivory elephant tusk from the wreck was recovered, similar to those recovered in 1963 from the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck, 150 miles to the south. Illustrates a breech-loading cannon, a skull, and a brass whistle found on the reef and on land.
Excavations in 1974 at the construction site for the new Fries Museum revealed many artifacts from the early 17th century in wells and privies. Also, artifacts from the area included 16th-century sherds and a 15th-century Siegburg stoneware vessel. Some wells were constructed of stacked wooden barrels with tops and bottoms removed. Other wells were round and built of loosely-laid tapered red brick. Illustrates with photographs 17th- and 18th-century tin- glazed tiles as well as Dutch majolica bowls, plates, a salve pot, and a small pot with a handle from the first half of the 17th century. Also illustrates red earthenware and buff earthenware (including Weser ware) vessels, Rhenish stoneware, a brass skimmer, a copper bedpan, a wrought-iron hammer head, an ivory comb, and table knives.
Archeological evidence of beadmaking in Amsterdam is appreciably earlier than documents would suggest. Fill deposits in the Waterlooplein dating about 1580 to 1596 contained beads and beadmaking waste.
Illustrates a small German stoneware jug found in Delft, a three-legged earthenware pan with a single handle found in Zwijndrecht, a flat-bottomed earthenware skillet found in Oud Krabbendijke, and a pewter spoon found in Rotterdam, all of ca. 1600. Also illustrates a Raeren stoneware wine jug dated 1592 found in Noord Brabant, a Dutch majolica plate dated 1580 found in Delft, a red earthenware pipkin dating between 1575 and 1600 found in Reimerswaal, a wooden candle stick of ca. 1600 found in Delft, a two-tined table fork with bone handles of ca. 1600 found in Amsterdam, a pewter salt cellar dated 1575 found in Dordrecht, and a knife dating about 1550 found in Rotterdam. Also illustrates an earthenware dish and a pewter plate both found in Leiden, two brass spigots found in Amsterdam, an earthenware jug found in Reimerswaal, a glass beaker or beer glass found in Utrecht, an earthenware plate and a wooden bowl both found in Delft, a slip-decorated red earthenware firecover found at Nordeind, and a pewter salt cellar with hinged cover found in Hazerswoude, all dating from the 16th century. Written in Dutch with English summary.
Discussion includes summaries of ceramics by type excavated from the Taanstraat and Waterlooplein in Amsterdam.
The ship sank in Spanish waters between 1651 and 1655, but how it got there remains a mystery. It is concluded the ship was of English construction, but its cargo consisted mostly of ceramics, Dutch clay pipes, and other trade goods. A cannon, a brass chandelier, silver coins, musket balls, a brass cross, ship fittings, and other objects have also been retrieved.
The Kennemerland was wrecked in 1664 in the Shetland Islands. Iron cannons have been found, in addition to Bellarmine jugs, yellow bricks, and the ship's bell.
Since 1980 the city of Duisburg, with its program of rescue archeology, has produced the core sequence of ceramics for inter-site comparative analysis in this region. For comparative studies, the ceramics have been classified by ware type (fabric), form, and function. For closed contexts such as rubbish pits, privies, and wells, quantification by minimum vessel count was adopted. Neutron activation analysis revealed the relative variations in trace elements. In the case of 15th-century lead-glazed whiteware, the Langerwehe ware was represented by a well-clustered set of samples when plotted. However, the diffuse nature of the readings of Cologne ware suggest that the local potters exploited a number of separate clay sources. Includes a map of the principal ceramic production and consumer sites in the Lower Rhineland, charts and graphs of ceramic data, and an illustrated catalogue of drawings of the principal ceramic forms in the Lower Rhineland.
The Amsterdam is the most complete East India Company wreck known. Excavations occurred from 1984 through 1986. A cannon recovered in 1969 is dated 1748. A group of artifacts originated from the surgeon's medicine chest.
1991 "The Archaeological and Historical Research of the Dutch East Indiaman Amsterdam, (1749)." In Carvel Construction Technique: Skeleton-first, Shell-first. Fifth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Amsterdam, 1988 edited by Reinder Reinders and Kees Paul, pp. 81-84. Oxford Monograph 12. Oxford Books, Park End Place, Oxford.
Archeological data from the wreck are extremely detailed because of the good preservation. The current program consists of controlled excavation, survey/registration, and maintenance of the wreck. The excavation so far has conscentrated on the stern area and a limited part of the port side.
1992 "Functional Classifications of Artifacts of VOC-Ships: The Archaeological and Historical Practice." In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kingston, Jamaica, 1992 edited by Donald H. Keith and Toni L. Carrell, pp.58-61. Published by the Society for Historical Archaeology.
There is a need for standardization in reporting data from wrecks, using functional typologies and archeological classification. Illustrates a site plan of the wreck of the Hollandia, sunk in 1743 off the Scilly Isles, and the systematic index used to classify the artifacts.
1996 "De Equipagie van de Hollandia en de Amsterdam: VOC- bedrijvigheid in 18de-eeuws Amsterdam. De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam.
Lists 38 known locations of East India Company wrecks dating from 1606 to 1795. The two ships were built in 1742 and 1748; the Hollandia sank in 1743 with all hands, and the Amsterdam was wrecked off Hastings in 1749. The Hollandia site covers a large area with a wide and random distribution of artifacts. An extensive collection of the material has been made by Rex Cowan, and an important part of the collection has been acquired by the Rijksmuseum. The Amsterdam represents a much more compact site, most of which has not been excavated. There is a sample of artifacts from the site. The economic history of the East India Company has been well documented, but archeology can provide information about little-known aspects of daily life such as the structure of the work force and logistical and technological resources and facilities. Illustrates a small wooden cask full of tallow covered by a soldered thick lead covering, the underwater remains of a barrel of herring, seeds, glass bottles, salve pots, Cologne stoneware, red and black coral, pewter, a leather boot, a lead bale seal, ribbons, buttons, candle sticks, wine glasses, a glass tumbler, a leather book cover, clay pipe makers' marks, and a wooden shovel from the Amsterdam. Illustrates lead weights, dividers, coins, apothecaries' weights, a silver table knife, fork and spoon, a candle stick, bullet molds, firearms, cannon, clay pipe makers' marks, writing instruments, seals with the marks JGK and a beehive, pieces of type, and brass scissors from the Hollandia. Written in Dutch with an English summary.
Collection of articles by various authors on results of excavations and hull reinforcement of the Amsterdam, lost on the south coast of England in 1749, with analysis of wood, leather, ceramic, and glass artifacts as well as of find processing, conservation, and historical research. Illustrates with drawings a bone comb, wood knife handles, a button, a buckle, a pewter spoon marked "LONDON," barrels and barrel staves, a bottle neck with cork and copper wire, and a cannon. There is also analysis of dendrochronology, a medical ointment, tobacco, insect remains, and many other types of evidence from the wreck. Written in Dutch and in English.
Currently 33 Dutch East Indiaman shipwrecks have been identified dating from 1609 to 1795, compared with 19 in 1979. A variety of research methods and techniques have been used at these sites. These ships were clearly multifunctional in character. Archival lists of equipment, stores, furniture, and armament of Dutch East Indiamen form the basis for a lexicon of objects, most of which can be defined as to meaning and type. The finds from the Hollandia, sunk in 1743 in the Isles of Scilly, were retrieved beginning in 1971, with a bronze gun with the AVOC monogram. The spatial distribution pattern of the artifacts makes possible a reconstruction of the wreck and the way in which the ship settled. Illustrates plan views of the site and hundreds of drawings as well as black-and-white photographs of individual artifacts in a comprehensive catalogue. Artifacts include blocks, pins, parrelbeads, sheaves, etc., from rigging. Other objects include cartridge canisters and cases, powder horns, wire-linked lead shot (springshot), grape shot, shot molds, sword hilts, scabbard clips, firearm parts, gun flints, cannons, buckles, buttons, shoes, combs, table forks (3- and 4-tined), razors, spoons, spigot taps, clay pipes and pipe marks, tobacco boxes, metal containers and utensils, pewter screw tops, glass bottles and tableware, porcelain, English white salt-glazed and Rhenish stoneware, Langerwehe ware, wooden barrel fragments, wall hooks, candle sticks, a snuffer, gaming pieces, coins, instruments, tools, nested apothecaries' weights, fittings, nails and other fasteners, and unidentified objects.
Report examining characteristics of 17th-century Dutch utility earthenwares excavated in the Netherlands and in the collection of the Albany Institute of History and Art, in comparison with Dutch ceramics from the Compton site in Maryland. Illustrates a frying pan, a colander, porringers, pipkins, a skillet, three-legged pots, and a chamber pot with drawings.
More than 320 wrecks have appeared as the Zuiderzee is drained. A large merchant vessel sunk about 1654 is preserved in the museum at Ketelhaven. Illustrates in color remains of a flat-bottomed 18th-century barge and a barge or ferry from about 1650.
The Vergulde Draeck was wrecked on a reef north of Perth, Australia, in 1656. A total of 7,881 coins was recovered during excavation. Illustrates Bellarmine jugs, clay pipes, an earthenware pipkin, a bronze mortar, a brass rosary with beads, a spigot, a pewter spoon, and other objects.
1975 "The VOC Ship Batavia wrecked in 1629 on the Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 4, Number 1, March, pp. 43-63.
The isolation of the wreck site and the adverse sea conditions are two serious problems in excavation of the site. Timbers have been recorded with maps, and a wooden gun port has been raised. Small, controlled explosive charges have been used in the excavation.
1977 The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht Vergulde Draeck, Western Australia, 1656. BAR Supplementary Series, 36. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
The second and last journey of the Vergulde Draeck to the Indies ended in 1656 on the west coast of Australia. The ship had stopped at the Cape and unloaded goods there. Material including ivory tusks was recovered from the wreck site in 1963. Illustrates Bellarmine jugs, Westerwald stoneware, lead-glazed earthenware, majolica, clay pipes, bricks, coins, pewter, powder flasks, tools, shoes, bale seals, and a variety of other small objects. Brass, copper, and bronze objects include a mortar and pestle, a cauldron, a colander, buckles, spigots, fish hooks, a button, a frying pan, a bucket, and kettle fragments. The flute Lastdragger was lost off Yell, Shetland Islands, in 1653. The remains were located in 1971. Illustrates from this wreck spigots, copper and pewter spoons, wire-linked lead musket balls, remains of a pocket sun watch, dividers, a clay pipe, coins, Bellarmine jugs, a signet ring, brass buttons, buckles, knife handles, and a brass candle stick.
1984 "Maritime Archaeology in Australasia: Recent Discoveries." In Nautical Archaeology: Progress and Public Responsibility edited by Susan B.M. Langley and Richard M. Unger, pp. 155-175. BAR International Series 220. B.A.R., Oxford.
Illustrates in black-and-white photographs the Batavia hull structure underwater and reconstructed in the Western Australian Maritime Museum, also the stone building façade and five Bellarmine jugs from the Batavia, sunk in 1629. Coins from the wrecks of the Zuytdorp, sunk in 1711, and the Vergulde Draeck, sunk in 1656, were found in the 1920s. Excavation of the Vergulde Draeck began in 1972 by the Western Australian Museum. The new Maritime Museum, established in 1977, included a gallery for artifacts from the Batavia.
1986 "The Survey of the VOC Fluit Risdam (1727), Malaysia." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 15, Number 2, May, pp. 93-104.
The site was discovered and partially looted in 1984. The Risdam was built in 1713 and was 130 feet in length. The wreck is on the east coast of Malaysia. The vessel hull was strongly constructed with regular sets of riders and chocks set on top of the ceiling. Two high-fired stoneware storage jars were recovered, in addition to a number of tin ingots, elephant tusks, conical-shaped lead ingots, yellow bricks, short pieces of sappanwood, a pulley block, a glass wine bottle, and porcelain fragments. This is one of the best preserved Dutch East India Company wrecks.
1988 "Note on Guns from the VOC Ship Batavia, Wrecked off the Western Australian Coast in 1629." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 17, Number 1, February, p. 103.
The Batavia excavation reveals the ship carried 30 guns (6 bronze, 2 composite, and 22 iron). The higher quality bronze guns were concentrated in the bow. The composite guns were made of copper sheeting, wrought-iron hoops, and staves with a solder filler.
1991 "The Planking-first Construction of the VOC Ship Batavia." In Carvel Construction Technique: Skeleton- first, Shell-first. Fifth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Amsterdam, 1988 edited by Reinder Reinders and Kees Paul, pp. 70-71. Oxford Monograph 12. Oxford Books, Park End Place, Oxford.
There is evidence the Batavia was constructed first by laying up most of the hull planking. Then the frames were put up.
1996 "East Indiamen." In The Sea Remembers: Shipwrecks and Archaeology edited by Peter Throckmorton, pp. 168-170. Barnes & Noble Books, New York. [Originally published in 1987 by Mitchell Beazley Publishers.]
The Western Australian Maritime Museum has studied a number of Dutch East India Company wrecks, notably the Batavia which sank in June 1629. The wreck was found in 1963 in the Houtman Abrolhos. Illustrates plan of the site. Illustrates in color sandstone blocks cut to form an elegant doorway intended for the Company building in Batavia that were part of the cargo. Silver utensils in the cargo were intended for the Mughal emperor Jehangir. Illustrates the excavated burial of a victim of the mutiny that followed the shipwreck. Other East India Company shipwrecks such as those of the Kennemerland (1664) and the Hollandia (1742) have provided important information about navigational instruments. On the Lastdrager sunk in 1653 were found pocket sundials designed to operate only in European latitudes, obviously intended only a gifts to people in the East. Ornate smoking pipes found on the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck (1656) are from northern Thailand. Includes a complete list of wrecks of Dutch East India Company ships from De Witte Leeuw (1613) to the Middelburg (1781). Also illustrates in color a Chinese porcelain plate from De Witte Leeuw, as well as silver coins.
Hand-guns thought to date from the 15th century are similar to a number of guns found on the Batavia wreck (1629). These had a parallel bore with tapered chamber ending in a screw thread; the gun was lightly constructed of a copper sheet brazed into a tube with a bronze breech. The guns were used to fire pyrotechnic fire balls or fire arrows. Illustrates in black-and-white photographs matchlock blunderbusses found on the Batavia.
Bergen op Zoom has been a center of earthenware pottery production since the 13th century. From seven potteries in 1400 the number increased to 22 potteries in the 17th century. Illustrates with a drawing the distinctive globular body and rim profile shape characteristic of Bergen op Zoom earthenware cooking pots. The rim profile continued its distinctive shape well into the 19th century. Most of the 17th-century lead-glazed earthenware from Bergen op Zoom was sold around Amsterdam and then was reshipped to other Dutch ports, towns on the Baltic Sea, and Dutch colonies in the West Indies. It is now known that a less well-known but very important production center at Oosterhout supplied the southern Netherlands and the area directly surrounding Bergen op Zoom. Illustrates with maps transportation routes and the distribution of Bergen op Zoom and Oosterhout earthenware found in excavations in the Netherlandss. Written in Dutch with English summary.
Identifies five types of shoes used in Amsterdam in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Illustrates with black-and-white photographs and drawings shoe parts and the five types of shoes. Quantitative comparisons of the five types are made with shoes from Oudekerkplein, Krasnapolsky, Warmoesstraat, and de Nes.
A vessel found in the 1960s in Tullhomen harbor, Hanko, was called "The Cable Wreck" because of a power cable running above it. Excavations in 1967 revealed a large amount of grain and confirmed that it was a very old vessel. An oblong deadeye dated the vessel prior to the 1650s; also found were Delft tiles and a clay pipe made in Gouda in 1647 or 1648. Another shipwreck found in the outer islands off Tammisaari has been identified as a Dutch vessel which according to oral tradition sank in 1783. Madeira and Rhine wine bottles were found in the hold, together with English ceramics, French mustard bottles, Russian coins from 1737 to 1754, a wooden plate dated 1783, and other objects. An earlier vessel in this area is also probably Dutch from the 16th century and was found in 1977. The wreck contains Bellarmine jugs and ceramics of Dutch origin. Another 16th-century probable Dutch vessel was found in the late 1960s in the Turku archipelago. Glazed tiles and ceramics including a Schnelle jug dated 1574 with the name of its maker, Christian Knutgen, were found.
It has been assumed that generally wrought-iron breech- loading cannon were the most common form of ordnance through the middle of the 16th century, by which time they had been gradually replaced by cast bronze ordnance, while cast-iron guns also made their appearance in the mid-16th century. However, while construction of guns from wrought iron involved inexpensive materials, it was labor-intensive and costly. Cast bronze cannons were less expensive in terms of labor but more expensive in material. The Portuguese ship Sacramento sunk in 1668 had Dutch bronze cannons made by Henricus Meus (dated 1622) and Assuerus Koster (dated 1634). The composite cannon constructed of sheet copper, wrought iron, and lead solder mounted on the stern of the Batavia may have been more expensive in labor cost but provided some significant tactical or operational advantage.
The "Pipe Wreck" was discovered in 1966 by a local fisherman. In 1980 during a survey of four wrecks the site was named the "Dutch Wreck." Peter Throckmorton collected fragments of clay pipes, a gold-washed thimble, and a piece of a Bellarmine jug. In 1985 numerous additional artifacts were removed by treasure hunters. Throckmorton believed both the ship and the clay pipes were English, while others concluded the ship was Dutch. An examination of more than 6,000 pipe fragments reveals they were the work of Edward Bird of Amsterdam. Of 53 pipe bowls analyzed during the 1989 season, 47 are of the bulbous form while 11 are of the elbow type. The limited information available indicates the ship was a Dutch merchant ship.
1992 "A Brief History of Underwater Salvage in the Dominican Republic." In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kingston, Jamaica, 1992 edited by Donald H. Keith and Toni L. Carrell, pp. 35-40. Published by the Society for Historical Archaeology.
The first systematic investigation of the "Pipe Wreck" was during the summer of 1991. A large number of clay pipes formed a significant portion of the ship's cargo. The wreck is tentatively dated to the mid 17th century. The pipes are of bulbous form and are marked EB, the mark of Edward Bird of Amsterdam. The vessel was perhaps Dutch.
1993 "The 17th-Century Merchant Shipwreck in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic: The Second Excavation Season Report." In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, 1993 edited by Sheli O. Smith, pp. 95- 101. Published by the Society for Historical Archaeology.
The "Pipe Wreck" lies in 15 feet of water. A primary goal initially was to document the remaining timbers. hundreds of clay pipes found there. Most of the identifiable pipes bear the heel mark of Edward Bird of Amsterdam. Two other marks, however, are D*C and P*C, and those pipes are also probably Dutch. One cache of the pipes had been packed in alternating stem-to-bowl fashion. Buckwheat husks were within some of the pipe bowls. Buckwheat was also reported packed with pipes on the Vergulde Draeck, sunk in 1656. Two pipe stems had been notched evidently to serve as small whistles, similar to those reported from the site of Fort Orange. Spanish silver coins were minted no earlier than 1651. A large cast brass spindle-shaped object with notched rings or collars is a mystery. It may have been from a navigational instrument or from a type of chandelier. Dendrochronology indicates a 65.1% agreement of wood samples with the reference chronology from England. The wood was cut between October 1642 and March 1643. Tiny shell beads, bits of textile, faunal remains, Rhenish stoneware, pewter spoons, a pewter bottle top, brass curtain rings, brass thimbles, glass beads, straight pins, a whetstone, and other objects have been recovered. Illustrates with drawings a plan of the wreck site, clay pipes, and the chandelier.
1994 "The Monte Cristi Shipwreck Project 1993 Interim Report." The Broadside, Volume 1, Number 1, Spring, pp. 2-4, 8. Published by the Pan-American Institute of Maritime Archaeology.
Initially it was believed the wreck was a Dutch merchant ship trading with the north coast of Hispaniola. The Dutch pipes and Spanish coins on the wreck narrow the date to between ca. 1652 and 1665. Currently more than 20,000 clay pipe fragments have been recovered. There are three varieties of Edward Bird's EB mark on the pipes. Illustrates with drawings bulbous and elbow-type Dutch clay pipes and a site plan of the wreck remains. Façon de Venise glass fragments have also been found. The cargo included, besides pipes, tin-glazed faience and Rhenish stoneware. The ship, probably of English origin, may have been a Dutch prize and may have been heading for New Netherland or Brazil with a Dutch cargo.
1996 A Seventeenth-Century Northern European Merchant Shipwreck in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic. Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology, Office of Graduate Studies, Texas A&M University.
The unidentified ship, called "The Pipe Wreck," was wrecked between 1652 and 1656. More 25,000 pipe stems and 2,500 more complete pipes, apparently almost all Dutch, mere recovered and constituted the cargo. More than 400 pipes bear the EB heel mark. The pipes had bits of buckwheat leaves packed in the bowls, and it is known that pipes excavated from the wrecks of both the Amsterdam (1749) and the Vergulde Draeck (1656) also had evidently been packed in buckwheat. Lists other Dutch sites and shipwrecks where pipes marked EB have been found. Also compares lead shot from a variety of Dutch and other 17th- and 18th-century shipwrecks. Other artifacts include dividers, pewter bottle tops, Bellarmine jugs, Spanish coins, glass beads, bone comb fragments, a brass chandelier, brass tweezers, a set of nested apothecaries' weights, thimbles, brass tacks, curtain rings, pins, a brass hawk's bell, a book clasp, pieces of an ivory fan, and a small ivory disk. The ship was most likely of English construction, although a major portion of its cargo was of Dutch origin; the ship may have sailed in the service of the West India Company.
In November 1977 members of a sportdiving club located a 16th-century wreck in water between 11 and 17 meters deep. The keel was of a gallion-type construction. It is comparable to a water ship excavated in the Zuiderzee. Illustrates a stone hearth lined with red-bodied green- to yellow-glazed tiles. Written in Finnish.
Brick-like ceramic objects with holes were used to support iron or wood spits while roasting meat over a fire. Some are elaborately decorated. One of the latest examples was found in Amsterdam associated with 16th century artifacts.
Since 1991 significant pieces of glass from the Van Beuningen-de Vriese Collection have been on exhibit in the Museum Boymans-van Beuningen. There are four main categories of glass: drinking vessels, bottles, table glass (dishes and bowls), and various glassware (beads, buttons, rings, ink pots, hour glasses, window glass, etc.). Glass made with wood ash is called waldglas. Colorless, crystalline glass was produced in Venice after about 1450. About 1675 English lead glass was first produced. Lead glass excavated from archeological sites is frequently coated black, depending on the type of soil in which it was buried. Illustrates with black-and-white and color photographs as well as drawings hundreds of examples of excavated glass beakers, tumblers, bowls, berkemeiers, wine glasses, roemers, flute glasses, pitchers, jugs, bottles, goblets, etc., organized according to a detailed typology by the periods 1450 to 1550, 1550 to 1650, 1650 to 1750, and 1750 to ca. 1825. Also illustrates drawings of glass bottle seals and inscriptions and black- and-white and color photographs of beads and small glass buttons excavated in Amsterdam, Antwerp (Kasstraat), Edam, Broek in Waterland, Oud-Beijerland, Oudeschans, and Delft. A hairnet made of beads is from the castle of IJsselmonde at Rotterdam. Written in Dutch and in English.
Pottery specialists will be especially interested in the discoveries by the Foundation for Town Archeology in excavations on the Piersonstraat in 1990 in Nijmegen, producing about a hundred undisturbed assemblages from the 18th and 19th centuries.
The results of a recent important excavation in Amsterdam are used to examine the meaning of a number of documents relating to the transition from Italian-style Dutch majolica to delft ware (faience). The excavations in the summer of 1926 on the Waal-eiland produced more than 1,000 fragments of earthenware dating from before 1646. Both majolica and finer "delft" or "porcelain" (faience) were found. Illustrates a number of sherds. Written in Dutch with short English summary.
Comparison of ceramics, glassware, clay pipes, and other objects excavated at Fort Orange with material excavated in the Netherlands. Illustrates a Dutch majolica plate excavated in the Netherlands in the collection of the Albany Institute of History and Art.
1991a "The Archeology of Fort Orange and Beverwijck." In A Beautiful and Fruitful Place: Selected Rensselaerswijck Seminar Papers edited by Nancy Anne McClure Zeller, pp. 326-349. New Netherland Publishing, Albany, N.Y.
Illustrates and compares a lobed Dutch faience dish excavated from a 17th-century privy in Antwerp with a rim sherd excavated in Albany.
1991b "The Dutch at Fort Orange." In Historical Archaeology in Global Perspective edited by Lisa Falk, pp. 21-67. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
Illustrates a Dutch majolica plate with Wan Li decoration similar to the design on a sherd found at Fort Orange. Also illustrates a Dutch majolica plate excavated in Leiden with a "Haarlem border" and with a polychrome-painted cherub similar to that on a sherd from Fort Orange.
1996a Archaeological Testing at Philipse Manor Hall, Yonkers, N.Y., 1994. Bureau of Historic Sites, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation, Waterford, N.Y. March.
Comparison of 17th-century Dutch green-glazed red earthen floor tiles discovered in the cellar of Philipse Manor Hall with similar examples reported from excavations in the Netherlands.
1996b "A Short History of Cuyper Island, Towns of East Greenbush and Schodack, New York, and its Relation to Dutch and Mahican Culture Contact." In Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Volume 12, pp. 131-147.
Illustrates a Dutch majolica plate excavated at Wormer, North Holland, in comparison with a sherd of an identical plate excavated at Crailo State Historic Site in Rensselaer, New York.
Late Valencian lustre ware was made in the last quarter of the 15th century and in the 16th century. An almost complete bowl was found in 1976 in a trash pit in Delft at the Greyfriars Monastery. Another example was found in Delft at the Carthusian Monastery. A number of other examples of this ware have been found at Oud Krabbendijke and in Sluis on Kapellestraat. Isabella polychrome pottery has been found also at Oud Krabbendijke, at Reimerswaal, and in a pit on Lange Noordsraat in Middelburg. The pit in Middelburg also contained examples of late Valencian lustre ware and Italian majolica. Illustrates examples with drawings.
Identifies the main pottery types from various areas at different periods. Illustrated ceramics excavated in the Netherlands come from 40 sites situated throughout the country. Most of the imported vessels were found at sites near the coast, principally Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Vlissingen, Delft, Middelburg, De Rijp, and drowned sites. A large collection from the Waterlooplein in Amsterdam from between 1575 and 1625 demonstrates the widest range of imported pottery on any site in the Netherlands at this peak period of trade and prosperity. Seventeen of the illustrated vessels come from sites in Delft, including the site of a monastery that was suppressed in 1570, where the pottery came from pits and other features post-dating the monastery within the 1575 to 1625 period. There were a large number of North Holland slipware bowls as well as items of Werra ware and Weser ware. Ceramics from Middelburg include not only North Holland slipware but also Italian and Spanish wares. Considerable quantities of North Holland slipware found at Graft and De Rijp gave that ware its name, but actually it has now been found outside that area and was probably produced in a number of places. Twenty-four vessels were found at drowned town sites and include Montelupo majolica. Illustrates ceramics with drawings and with black-and-white and color photographs.
1975 "North Holland Slipware." In Rotterdam Papers, II, A Contribution to Medieval Archeology, pp. 47-65. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam.
More than 200 examples of trailed and sgraffito-decorated slipware have been found mainly in the province of North Holland, with dated examples between 1573 and 1711. They are similar to Wanfried and Italian wares of the period, but the possibility of their origin in the Netherlands must be considered. This slipware was used to make six forms of ceramic ware: bowls, dishes, cups, pipkins, jugs, and firecovers. Illustrates examples with drawings in addition to a photograph of a firecover.
Squares 25 meters in size were laid out on the site, and mapping and excavation followed. Two iron cannon were found surrounded by broken wine bottles. Seven kegs of nails have been located.
Spectroscopical analysis has isolated a cluster of red earthenware sherds excavated from Manhattan with characteristics similar to those of kiln wasters from Bergen op Zoom. The ceramics excavated from a privy in the Oostenburgermiddenstraat in Amsterdam is the only Amsterdam assemblage of which the ceramic vessel forms have been quantified and published.
Petrographic analysis may distinguish between sherds of coarse earthenware excavated in New York City from samples of sherds from Dutch sites. The three groups of sherds from Dutch sites are 39 sherds from Haarlem, 20 sherds from Bergen op Zoom, and 56 sherds from Utrecht. The Utrecht sherds represent earthenware made of river clays. The sherds made in New York seem to have a different grain size, of a wider range in size, than the sherds made in the Netherlands.
Discussion of the East India Company trade with China and of the porcelain recovered from the wreck of the Geldermalsen, sunk in 1752 on her homeward voyage. The cargo included, uniquely, coarse porcelain not intended for Europe but only for the Cape. Illustrates in color a wine glass stem, pewter, cannon, glass bottles, salt-glazed stoneware storage jars, and many examples of porcelain.
The two sites ('s-Graveland and Boeren-Wetering) that produced most of the beads collected by Van der Sleen date from the first half of the 17th century, based on associated artifacts. The bead manufacturing debris found at the Boeren-Wetering and Keizersgracht sites indicates most of the beads are of Dutch manufacture. The Boeren-Wetering site was a vegetable garden; other artifacts found there include a piece of majolica dated 1644, German stoneware from as early as 1635, clay pipes, and much porcelain. The remains of the glasshouse on the Keizersgracht were discovered in 1935. Inventory of 550 classifiable beads in the Van der Sleen collection.
1983 "Dutch Trade Beads in North America." In Proceedings of the 1982 Glass Trade Bead Conference edited by Charles F. Hayes III, pp. 111-126. Research Records No. 16, 1983. Rochester Museum & Science Center, Rochester, N.Y.
Report on attributes, both physical and chemical, of glass beads collected at various sites in the Netherlands. Since most of the late-style beads dating from ca. 1700 to 1750 have been collected in and around Amsterdam, it is probable that this was the main place of their production. W.G.N. van der Sleen and Herman van der Made collected beads in and around Middelburg, Amsterdam, Rijnsburg, and Haarlem. Van der Sleen hypothesized that beads of Dutch manufacture were composed of potash glass while those from Venice were made of soda glass. Analytical tests do not substantiate Van der Sleen's hypothesis.
1985 "Early Amsterdam Trade Beads." In Ornament, Volume 9, Number 2, Winter, pp. 36-41.
Although a glass bead industry is documented in Amsterdam from 1619 to at least 1679, recent archeological evidence suggests that the industry was operating near the edge of the old part of the city in the early 1590s. Manufacturing debris and more than 50,000 whole and fragmentary beads have been found. At the Waterlooplein in Amsterdam the fill of a ditch dating between ca. 1580 and 1593 included tubular bead fragments and fragments of glass tubing. A variety of artifacts producing evidence of the beadmaking industry was found in deposits dating from 1593 to 1596 and also included bone beads, jet beads, and an oblate black glass button. Two late 16th-century bead manufacturing sites were found at the west end of the Keizersgracht. Illustrates tubular and rounded beads in color photographs.
1988 "Beads from the Wreck of the Dutch East Indiaman De Liefde (1711)." In The Bead Forum: Newsletter of the Society of Bead Researchers, Number 12, April, pp. 11- 17.
The wreck site was initially investigated in 1964 and was excavated between 1966 and 1968. There was an assortment of brass and glass beads recovered. A sample of the beads from the Shetland Museum in Lerwick was studied and described using the Kidd and Kidd system. There are six varieties of glass beads of which five were not recorded by the Kidds. One variety is tubular while the others are wire-wound. The bead sample also included 31 brass beads made from tubing using a lathe. Based on another inventory, wire-wound glass WIIc2 beads were the most common, followed in number by the brass beads. These beads expand the knowledge of what the Dutch were trading to the East Indies in the early 18th century.
1993 "The A Speo Method of Heat Rounding Drawn Glass Beads and its Archaeological Manufestations." In Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers, Volume 5, pp. 27-36.
The presence of a very large chevron bead on a thick iron wire in the bead manufacturing wasters dating ca. 1601 to 1610 found in Amsterdam confirms that the a speo process was used there. Illustrates in black-and-white photographs examples of partially fused a speo bead wasters found at sites in Amsterdam including the Boeren-Wetering site.
Excavations in Antwerp have uncovered a small but significant collection of glass beads. The beads from the Stadsparking, Kasstraat, and Waterkerende Muur sites in Antwerp have been classified usiong the Kidd and Kidd system. At the Stadsparking site, the excavations were the most extensive to be undertaken in Antwerp, but only one glass bead, dating from the Roman period, was found. At the Kasstraat site 60 beads were recovered representing 14 Kidd and Kidd varieties. At the Waterkerende Muur site, a privy of the late 16th to early 17th centuries produced six oblate black IIa6 beads and two globular opaque black glass buttons.
The earliest period of the East India Company between 1602 and 1665 is characterized by a great variety of ships and armaments. Through the 17th century the main armament of large ships was 24-pounders. Experiments were made with large caliber-low weight composite cannon such as have been found on the wreck of the Batavia (1629).
Since 1965 about 50 wrecks of Dutch East India Company ships have been found and excavated in Europe, Africa, and Asia, producing large amounts of hitherto unknown material. About 3,000 artifacts from the Hollandia, sunk in 1743, were acquired by the Rijksmuseum together with the archeological records. Illustrates a site plan of the Amsterdam (1749).
Listing of 18 East India Company shipwreck sites from 1613 to 1781 in date that have been located, with discussion of research and underwater archeology. Illustrates hardware, rigging, pewter utensils, a breech-loading cannon, vent picks, firearms, shot, a bullet mold, sword fragments, coins, knife handles, porcelain, and other objwects from various wrecks, including parts of a fire engine found on the wreck of the Hollandia sunk in 1743.
An inventory has been undertaken of all ship wrecks in a specific part of the Texelstroom, a deep channel near the island of Texel. One of the most interesting wrecks is that of a Dutch trading ship that sank between 1731 and 1740. Red earthenware pans provide evidence of trade between West Brabant and the Baltic, known only vaguely from written sources. An unglazed and unfinished Delft plate is evidence of a little-known trade with the Baltic. In the middle of the ship stands a great pile of yellow and red bricks. In front of these bricks, in the direction of the bow, in choice ranks stand thousands of gray and red Dutch pantiles. Illustrates with drawings a Hispanic olive jar, red earthenware vessels including a Bergen op Zoom handled pot, a Delftware plate, Delft salve pots, marked Gouda clay pipes, Bellarmine jugs, Langerwehe and other pickle jars, Chinese porcelain tea wares, and glass bottles. Written in Dutch with English summary.
1995b "Oosterhouts aardewerk." In Assembled Articles 2: Symposium on Medieval and Post-Medieval Ceramics, Antwerpen, 25 and 26 January 1995, pp. 101-128. Stichting Promotie Archeologie, Zwolle.
In specific periods the Oosterhout pottery industry was larger and more important than that of Bergen op Zoom. The discovery of 18th-century pottery kiln waste in the Rulstraat has therefore provided direct evidence for this research. The clay at Oosterhout is very suitable for pottery making. Pottery making occurred in the medieval period. In 1609 the principle trade of Oosterhout was "pottery, tile, and brick making." The second half of the 18th century brought sharp competition from foreign countries. It is known that a Bergen op Zoom potter imitated wares from Frankfort to capture back the market. Marks on Oosterhout earthenware include the oldest, a simple spoked wheel, dating from the 18th century found in the kiln waste on the Rulstraat. Probably this mark functioned the same as the 18th-century rose mark used in Bergen op Zoom. The first mention of the Rulstraat site is the death in 1706 of the wife of the owner. This man, Cornelis Abraham Vermeulen, died in 1723. His successor, Dingeman Janssen Crul, paid in 1726 for a "house, pottery, and ... five appurtenances." He died in 1733. The ceramic body of the Rulstraat pottery is orange-red in color; in comparison to Bergen op Zoom earthenware the Oosterhout ware is lighter and more orange than red. The body is very hard; with a nail one can hardly scratch it. It is glazed with a dark brown lead glaze that probably contains manganese oxide. A few pieces are decorated with green lead glaze. From the excavation 30 vessel forms can be reconstructed. Illustrates with drawings the contrast between Oosterhout and Bergen op Zoom rim and and body profiles; also illutsrates 36 excavated vessels. Written in Dutch.
Illustrates with more than 200 drawings and black-and-white photographs many examples of Dutch majolica excavated from various sites. There s also a kiln waster and a kiln prop excavated from a pottery site in Harlingen. A majolica sherd dated 1568 was found in Hoorn, and one dated 1629 was found in Amersfoort; both are illustrated. Following an historical overview, the various examples of Dutch majolica are classified generally by types of decoration. Written in Dutch.
1964 Dutch Tiles. Universe Books Inc., Publishers, New York.
That delft tiles were at first produced in the same potteries as Dutch majolica is indicated by the heaps of wasters in Haarlem, where majolica wasters on which pieces of tiles had stuck in firing were found. The Haarlem wasters enable the identification of tiles made in Haarlem. Similar waster heaps have been found in Gouda. Illustrates and identifies more than 350 tiles.
1979 Tegels. De Haan, Haarlem.
Illustrates delft tile wasters from the kiln of Augustijn Cornelissen at Leiden and from kiln sites in Haarlem. Identifies and illustrates more than 600 tiles and catalogues various corner designs found on delft tiles. Written in Dutch.
1981 Nederlandse majolica. De Haan, Haarlem.
Illustrates kiln wasters and kiln props found in Haarlem, Leiden, and Harlingen. Also illustrates many dated examples of Dutch majolica. There are typologies by date periods of plate profiles, rim decorations and patterns, and other forms of decoration. Examples of majolica are illustrated in color and black-and-white photos as well as in drawings. Written in Dutch.
The archeological approach to the study of glass through the Deventer System provides an opportunity for art-oriented and socio-economic historical research. Much research is needed into the origins of glass found in archeological sites, and the study of glass factory sites is of major importance. The goal is to be able to assign diagnostic rim or other fragments of glass to specific vessel types as closely as possible instead of using general categories such as "beaker." Ribbed beakers, for example, can be divided into five groups. Illustrates with drawings various forms of beakers and other glassware. Written in Dutch with English summary.
Excavations in Duisburg began in 1980 and include numerous rescue excavations around the market and in different quarters of the old town. Among the various finds, pottery is most abundant. Dendrochronology has been used to date 82 wood samples, and coins have also been useful for dating. From the last quarter of the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century lead-glazed plates became common. In a filled cellar were found early 16th-century decorated stoneware jugs from Cologne, numerous plates, and other ceramics. Grayware, common for many centuries, began to decrease at this time.
From the site were recovered 103 lead ingots. They were open-cast, probably in clay or loam, with a boat-shaped symmetrical form rounded on the underside and flat on top. Many had inscribed markings. Their average weight is 62 kg. During the excavation, about 8,000 coins were recovered. Of a sample of 3,500 coins, 94% were of the United Provinces, and only 6% were Spanish/American reales. The Dutch coins were Leeuwendaalders and half Leeuwendaalders.
In 1985 the wreck of the Mauritius was found in the Gulf of Guinea in Africa. Built in Amsterdam in 1601 and 1602, the ship was wrecked in 1609. Evidence of the keel, frames, planking, and oak ceiling remained. Between 18,000 and 22,000 zinc ingots, weighing 122 tons, covered the site. Most are circular or oval in shape. The cargo also included peppercorns, and sherds of porcelain provide evidence of some 215 porcelain vessels. Illustrates with drawings and black- and-white photographs examples of kraakporcelain, Swatow porcelain, a Bellarmine jug, and cannons. Martavan jars were also found. Some of the cannons were in the hold, used for ballast.
The wreck was found on the foreshore at Cape Town. The timbers have been carefully recorded and studied. Illustrates drawings of marked clay pipe bowls and photographs of Chinese porcelain and iron bar and round shot.
Two 17th-century wreck sites found in the Waddenzee have provided data on the construction of medium-sized merchant ships. Scheurrak T24 was a shipwreck from the early to mid- 17th century. Its cargo included a shipment of "Hessian" crucibles in sets of five sizes. The ship was built after 1635. The other ship was built of timber cut after 1586, and the wreck dates to the early to mid-17th century. Ceramics on the wreck include sherds of a Siegburg jug, a blue- decorated Bellarmine jug probably with the Amsterdam coat of arms, and fragments of red earthenware bowls and a pipkin. There are also earthenware sherds from Bergen op Zoom and from the Maas valley. The leather shoes, with incisions and decorations, may date to the 1590s. A 3-pounder(?) cannon ball, three pewter spoons (illustrated), a brass spigot, a lead weight, and a bronze three-legged pot, and a wooden handle were also found. The pewter was marked by the makers WH, CA or GA, and HH. Both ships were built of oak, and the timbers were not inter-connected and were of various sizes. The first vessel was very flat-bottomed, but the other hull was smoothly rounded in cross section.
In 1988 an excavation in Gennep in northern Limburg revealed evidence of an 18th-century potter's workshop. At a junction between cobbled streets called the Doelen were uncovered the foundations of a three-room brick 17th-century dwelling that had a tile roof and a square workshop building with its built-in kiln. They were still standing in the first half of the 19th century. At least two or three generations of one family were active at this site during the last three quarters of the 18th century. Within the household the potter used his own seconds with dents and shrinkage cracks. The pottery was made of local clay with a high content of iron that burned rose-red to orange. The wares have sgraffito decoration, trailed slip decoration, brown and green glazes, and sometimes also appliqués. Decorative patterns were applied using techniques often combining an overall white slip, trailed slip, and marbling. Slip- decorated products were first biscuit-fired. Most of the ware was for cooking and storage and included colanders, porringers, bowls, mugs, chamber pots, braziers, chafing dishes, flower pots, firecovers, and salve pots. Two dishes bear dates from the 1720s, while a third dish dated 1762 is a waster. English wares such as a cup and saucer were also imitated, but no English products were found. Illustrates with drawings the various ceramic vessel types.
Explains the importance of the intact wreck of the Amsterdam, discovered in 1969 on the south coast of England, deeply embedded in the sand and exposed only at exceptionally low tides. The ship was lost in 1749 on its maiden voyage from the Netherlands tp Java. Illustrates with photographs cannon, a wine glass, bottles, shoes, a leather sword belt, rolls of ribbon, heather hand brushes, and spare pulley blocks.
1972 "The Wreck of the Dutch East Indiaman Amsterdam near Hastings, 1749: An Interim Report." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume I, March, pp. 73-96.
The Amsterdam was built in 1748 and was owned by the East India Company The wreck was clearly exposed at low tide in August 1970. Illustrates drawings of a wooden deadeye and a small wooden pulley block, a vent pick, cannon ball gauges, a faience ointment jar, a wine glass, an inscribed pewter spoon, an engraved clear glass tumbler, a decorated ivory fan, a glass bottle, a comb, a buckle, and other objects.
1974 The Wreck of the Amsterdam. Stein and Day, Publishers, New York.
Story of the loss of the merchant ship Amsterdam near Hastings on the south coast of England in 1749 and of initial archeological exploration of the intact, buried wreck. Illustrates with drawings bottles and other glassware, pulley blocks, barrel fragments, iron shot and armaments, cannons, ceramics, clay pipes, buckles, buttons, a bronze candle stick, a sword belt, shoes, spoons, knife handles, and many other objects.
1976 "The Meresteyn, Wrecked in 1702, Near Cape Town, South Africa" In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 5, Number 3, August, pp. 201-220.
The wreck was discovered in 1971 north of Cape Town. The artifacts include wire-linked lead shot, sword pommels and a handle, a shoe, a buckle fragment, spoons, a spigot, chest handles, dividers, a knife handle, coins, and other objects.
1978 "A Reconstruction of the Treasure of the Amsterdam and the Hollandia, and Their Significance." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 7, Number 2, May, pp. 133-148.
The ships, sunk in 1749 and 1743, are documented to have carried treasure. More than 35,000 silver coins have been found on the Hollandia. More than 15,000 have been catalogued. The frequency of coins by date has been analyzed, revealing insights into economic history.
During the past 45 years, the draining of the Zuiderzee has revealed some 350 wrecks. Nine water ships, large fishing trawlers with an open seawater well in which to keep the caught fish, have been found, of which three are from the late medieval period. In 1980 a small Dutch freighter was discovered during the construction of a canal in Lelystad. It was 60 feet long and 17 feet wide. A small cooking hearth and kitchen utensils were in the forward part of the ship, and coins found there suggest the ship sank around 1620. In the hold was some of the cargo: wrapped scythe blades, a box of eggs, brass cooking pots, pewter utensils, and leather bags.
The Adelaar was wrecked on the Isle of Barra in 1728. A gulley in the site is covered with a solid layer of concretion, requiring explosive charges to loosen it. A barrel of iron nails was discovered; other artifacts include bar shot, cannon balls, a hook, and lead ingots.
Because of the hard concretion on the site, small explosive charges were used in excavation. The wreck lies in a broad, shallow gulley. Illustrates with drawings iron bar shot, a copper cartridge case, brass upholstery tacks, a pewter jug and pewter spoons, a salt-glazed stoneware jar, sherds of tin-glazed ware and porcelain, horn and ivory knife handles, a brass candle stick, beads, a pin and needles, a lead ink pot, wood and iron spades, a clay pipe, a pewter bottle top, a brass buckle, iron nails, and a grindstone.
Descriptions and history of four Dutch wrecks that have been discovered: De Liefde (1711), the Kennemerlandt (1664), the Hollandia (1743), and the Amsterdam (1749). On De Liefde most of the coins discovered have been silver ducatoons dated between 1632 and 1711; there were 4,000 newly minted coins in a chest all dated 1711.
The wrecks of two prams share a similar hull construction and analogous artifact assemblages. They were inland freighters requiring a small draft of water and had completely flat bottoms. Although these vessels were used primarily in canals and on rivers, they also must have crossed the Zuiderzee with some frequency. Both wrecks date from the second half of the 18th century and sank wihin 50 years of one another. One pram was found in East Flevoland near Lelystad, and the other was in South Flevoland due east of Amsterdam. The East Flevoland wreck contained 18th-century ceramics, a saw handle, buttons, a needle case, spoons, bottles, and Gouda tobacco pipes. There was a French coin minted in Monaco in 1653, but there was also a Utrecht farthing dated 1766. Lead lighthouse tokens dated 1782 and 1783 suggest the actual year of the wreck was 1783. The second wreck contained a Zeeland farthing dating from the 1750s, a Rhenish lead-glazed platter, red earthenware bowls, a creamware cup, spoons, Gouda pipe bowls, a heather brush, and other objects.
From 1615 to 1623 or later, green glass roemers were made in Rotterdam. Glasshouses had been erected in Amsterdam to make bottles by 1641. A glasshouse was established in Amersfoort in 1692. In the 18th century 18 Dutch cities were producing glass bottles. Illustrates photographs of a square-sectioned light green glass bottle from the second half of the 17th century found in Amsterdam, a square glass bottle with constricted sides excavated from a privy behind the city hall at The Hague, a round spa-type water bottle found in the Binnenhof at The Hague, a wide-shouldered and narrow-based round bottle of the 1660s found at Nijmegen, and a chronological series of later bottles from sites in Amsterdam, Utrecht, Rotterdam and other places.
1972 "Common Beverage Bottles: Their Production, Use, and Forms in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Netherlands, Part II." In Journal of Glass Studies, Volume XIV, pp. 141-148.
Dutch bottles were produced for the import of Bordeaux wine. Illustrates squat rounded Bordeaux wine bottles of the 1670- 1700 period found in the Zuiderzee and in Rotterdam. Also illustrates a round bottle found in Rotterdam with a pewter band around its neck and glass bottle seals found in Rotterdam (examples with crossed anchors, with the Dutch lion, with 1724 dates, and with man on horseback, "Der Prins," 1696), in The Hague ("Laet dat Glaser ens Umgaen" or "Let the glass go round"), in Amsterdam (Arms of Amsterdam), and from the Zeewyk wreck of 1727.
Both wrecks date from the second half of the 18th century and were sunk in the Zuiderzee off the coast of Harderwijk and east of the harbor of Amsterdam. For one wreck a lighthouse token gives a date of 1783 or later, while on the other wreck was a worn brass farthing from the 1750s. The construction of these vessels seems more appropriate for canal or river craft and not for the Zuiderzee trade. They were built with completely flat bottoms rising in neither the bow nor the stern. The deck was flat in the stern, with the tiller passing over it.
1995 "Continuity and Change in Dutch Boat Building." In Underwater Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Washington, D.C., 1995 edited by Paul Forsythe Johnston, pp. 134-139. Published by the Society for Historical Archaeology.
Watercraft characterized as prams may represent the most continuously used class of boats within northwestern Europe. Illustrates a reconstruction drawing of a 16th-century pram excavated near Workum in Friesland.
In 1992, a 16th-century wreck was discovered near Workum, Friesland, during the digging of a drainage ditch. The wreck predates 1624, and the hull planks were cut between 1547 and 1553. The style of a child's shoe found on the wreck suggests a date of sinking in the second half of the 16th century. Evidence indicates that previous cargoes included hay and/or livestock, bricks, and peat. Artifacts include a mismatched pair of child's shoes, pieces of a ceramic skillet, two heather brushes, a twisted copper wire eyelet, and pieces of re-used leather.
The coins from the wreck site consist of eight-real coins from at least two Spanish mints and date from no earlier than 1651 and 1652. The ship sank probably between 1652 and 1654. The clay pipes on the wreck could have been made as late as 1665 by Edward Bird of Amsterdam. Illustrates silver coins with a drawing and a black-and-white photograph.
In 1977 the High Court of Australia declared invalid provisions in the Maritime Archaeology Act which would have prevented a salvage diver from removing artifacts from the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck, sunk in 1656. The diver claimed to have found the wreck in 1957, lost it, and rediscovered it in 1963. In 1964, however, the Vergulde Draeck was declared an historic wreck.
In the course of the 15th century specific structures were established in Antwerp to collect trash. Most of these trash pits do not have firm flooring. Many food remains are found in the trash pits. Illustrates excavated examples of trash pits.
In Antwerp at Kasstraat 11a during restoration, excavations were undertaken. The house, "'t Steenken," was built in 1579. A trash pit contained a white-bodied eathenware pipkin and a Bellarmine jug of about 1550. Other excavations produce red earthenware, Dutch majolica, and Westerwald stoneware, glassware, clay pipes, Venetian glass, pewter spoons, and medicine bottles.
1995 "Majolica uit Antwerpen: Een status quaestionis." In Assembled Articles 2: Symposium on Medieval and Post- Medieval Ceramics, Antwerpen, 25 and 26 January 1995, pp. 7-13. Stichting Promotie Archeologie, Zwolle.
The archeological contexts of majolica from sites in Antwerp provide a clue in the identification of Antwerp products. Several of the most important sites include trash pits at the site of the St. Elisabeth Hospital, on Het Steen, on the Kasstraat, and on the Grote Kauwenberg. A great quantity of majolica was found at the Stadsparking site. Various sites have produced interesting tiles, such as a late 18th-century rubbish pit at a site originally the Abbey of Hemiksem where a great quantity of tiles was found. Sites with kiln wasters are of the greatest importance. In three cases was there clear evidence of kiln waste, whether or not in association with a kiln site or a pottery: the first site was Sint Jansvliet, where misfired red-bodied tiles, kiln props, and an unfinished tin-glazed tile were found; on the Schoytestraat were found misfired, unfinished kiln wasters; more recently on the Steenhouwersvest not only kiln waste but also remains of a majolica kiln were found. The material from Sint Jansvliet dates from the second half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries. The Schoytestraat material dates between ca. 1575 and 1625/1650. The Steenhouwersvest material dates from the second half of the 16th century; the site was once the property of the wife of Lucas Andries, a son of Guido Andries, active after 1556. While excavated examples of majolica from the first half of the 16th century are few, this is exactly the period when the production of majolica in Antwerp began.
Description of many types of artifacts excavated in Antwerp beginning with the Gallo-Roman and medieval periods and continuing to the 20th century. Ceramics beginning in the 15th century include red earthenware, white earthenware, stoneware, Antwerp majolica, clay pipes, tin-glazed majolica wall tiles, and floor tiles. Glass berkemeiers, beakers, roemers, bottles, and other vessels are described. Subsequent chapters discuss metal, bone, wood, and leather artifacts as well as faunal remains. Illustrates with drawings as well as black-and-white and color photographs all types of artifacts, including tobacco pipes and pipe makers' marks. Written in Dutch.
The ship was found in 1948 and excavated from 1957 to 1961. It dates from the early or middle 17th century. Sections of the ship were raised in 1969 for preservation and display at Ketelhaven. The ship was apparently not built using "skeleton-first" technique. The length of the ship was about 27 meters, its width was 7 meters, and its depth below the main deck was 3.6 meters.
Includes a map of Amsterdam in 1724 showing 59 locations of archeological excavations and their dates, from as early as 1954. During construction of a new town hall and theater, it was possible to excavate two entire blocks of houses built at the beginning of the 17th century. Illustrates with color photographs excavated remains of a 17th-century brick privy and many artifacts from the 17th and 18th centuries. These include spigots and taps of both wood and brass, tools, bricks and a glazed pantile, keys, red and white earthenwares, Dutch majolica and faience, Italian and Portuguese faience, porcelain, roemers, glass beakers, buttons, toy pewter vessels, clay pipes, etc. These are compared with material excavated in Edo (now Tokyo), London, and New York. Written in Japanese and in English.
The ship was loaded with pine planks, dated through dendrochronology at 1654, 1707 to 1708, and 1688, and sawn in a mill in Härjedalen in northern Sweden. The wreck is one of the best preserved of older carvel-built ships in the Baltic Sea. The windlass was salvaged in 1960. Besides the lumber, the cargo included a keg of corrugated blister steel. Rigging elements include single and double blocks. Ceramics include unglazed pots, a pipkin, and a Bellarmine jug. The ship was built in Amsterdam in 1693 for a Swedish owner and was to be 130 to 132 feet in length and 28 feet wide.
A number of fragments of plates are considered to be the earliest known products of Northern Netherlands tin-glazed majolica production, but, although they were dredged up in the neighborhood of Delft, it is not certain that is their place of origin. The reverse sides of the plates have a lead glaze. In the Rijksmuseum is a small pot decorated with the arms of Haarlem and of Amsterdam and the date 1610; it was probably manufactured in Haarlem and resembles the majolica plate fragments that have been found. Illustrates photographs of a number of excavated majolica plate fragments. Written in Dutch.
The wreck site, dating from 1664, produced 326 finds or groups of finds. Three sizes of cannon balls were found. About 3,000 lead shot were recovered. Several examples of lead shot joined together with coiled brass wire were also noted. An iron shot mold was found, together with dividers, glass bottles, Bellarmine jugs, and a complete red earthenware three-legged pipkin. A number of clay pipes was found, including one that is marked EB, the heel mark that appears most frequently in 17th-century contexts in recent excavations at the site of Fort Orange in America.
1977 "The Kennemerland Site: The Third and Fourth Seasons of 1974 and 1976, an Interim Report." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 6, Number 3, August, pp. 187-218.
One concretion yielded barley husks on wood barrel staves. More than 100 lead ingots were raised. Artifacts included brass tobacco boxes, pewter pendants, brass bodkins, thimbles, pewter spoons, a pewter bottle top, lead bale seals, a brass spike, two pocket sun dials, peppercorns, a coil of rope, a horn comb, a leather scabbard, and an ivory knife handle.
1979 "The Kennemerland Site: The Fifth Season, 1978, an Interim Report." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 8, Number 4, November, pp. 311-320.
Four more lead ingots were raised, in addition to the 114 lifted in 1976. Coins were found (including a Zeeland rosschilling). More than 30 pewter bottle tops were recovered in 1978. Pewter spoons included a finely decorated example, and a complete Bellarmine jug was recovered. Other objects (illustrated) include a silver buckle, two tortoise shell combs, four leather shoes, and two knobbed pewter objects.
Illustrates fragment of a majolica plate decorated in a floral motif found in excavations in Amsterdam. Leaf-like decoration was current in Italy and is on a sherd found at Leeuwarden; it has a blue ground with darker blue foliage design. The form of a polychrome-decorated porringer found in Antwerp is clearly of Spanish derivation.
About six fishing vessels called water ships have been excavated in the IJsselmeerpolders from the 16th and 17th centuries. They were built on a keel and have an S-shaped profile.
1981 "Mud-works: Dredging the Port of Amsterdam in the 17th Century." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 10, Number 3, August, pp. 229-238.
The wrecks recovered from the IJsselmeerpolders are modest in size and less spectacular in cargoes than the East India Company wrecks. In 1972 and 1977 two nearly identical ships were excavated in Flevoland. On one ship was painted the number 33, while the other was inscribed with the date 1664 and the Arms of Amsterdam. They were mud barges used in the on-going dredging of the harbor of Amsterdam. One of them was among the boats built for the city by Jan Lucasz Root in 1664. The only remarkable artifacts within the barges were a pair of mud boots, while pipe bowls and pottery sherds suggest the boats broke adrift and sank in the Zuiderzee at the end of the 17th century or beginning of the 18th century.
1983 "The Excavation and Salvage of a 16th Century `Beurtschip'." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 12, Number 4, November, pp. 336-337.
In 1980 the wreck of a cargo ship sunk about 1620 was found during construction of a canal in Lelystad. In the front deck were two hatch openings, and the front hatch opened to a living space for the crew. The cooking area consisted of a wooden case with tiles. Another hatch opened to the rear hold, above which was a cabin at about deck level. In the front living quarters were cooking pots, a flint and steel, and a Bellarmine jug. Coins date from 1614 to 1619. The entire vessel will be exhibited at Lelystad in the Ketelhaven Museum.
1984 "Excavations on the Former Seabed." In Nautical Archaeology: Progress and Public Responsibility edited by Susan B.M. Langley and Richard M. Unger, pp. 155-175. BAR International Series 220. B.A.R., Oxford.
Since 1942 some 350 ships have been found in the drained Noordoostpolder. Since 1979 about 20 important wrecks have been protected in situ. Inland cargo vessels of the 16th century each had a full bow and a sharp stern, leeboards, and round hatches. Merchant vessels of the 17th and 18th centuries include one on display at Ketelhaven and a larger one preserved in situ.
1985 "Recent Development in Ship and Boat Archaeology in the Netherlands." In Postmedieval Boat and Ship Archaeology edited by Carl Olof Cederlund, pp. 399-412. BAR International Series 256. B.A.R., Oxford.
During the past four years there has been a greater interest in the protection of wreck sites in the IJsselmeerpolders. The investigation of water ships has been one of ther leading projects, with at least 12 examples found, mostly from the period 1500 to 1650. These ships each had a full bow and a V-shaped stern. Cargo vessels, however, were flat-bottomed and blunt fore and aft, except for several ships from the 16th century that, like the water ship, had each a full bow and a V-shaped stern. One typical 16th-century cargo vessel was found during canal construction on Lelystad in 1980; it carried scythes and a case of several hundred chicken eggs, three new bronze pots, a barrel holding about 100 pewter objects, and three leather bags. Coins indicate that it sank around 1620. The museum at Ketelhaven has a merchant ship of about 1650 and a mud barge of about 1675 in its collection. Preserved ships in the IJsselmeerpolders include water ships of about 1550, 1575, 1600, and 1625 and cargo vessels of about 1550, 1625, and 1785, all in Zuidelijk Flevoland. Wrecks excavated between 1979 and 1982 include water ships of about 1500, 1525, and 1575 and cargo vessels of about 1625, 1700, and 1750.
The remains of a fishing boat, a water ship, were found in 1971 in Oostelijk Flevoland. The remains were carefully measured and recorded. The vessel was built with remarkable strength at the level of the deck and gangway. The holds in the bow and the stern contained many bolders of various sizes and weights, presumably ballast. No leeboards nor evidence of leeboards was found. The living quarters on the ship were behind the fish-well. Soil survey results and the date 1561 on some of the tiles in the open fire place indicate the vessel sank in the second half of the 16th century. More than 200 artifacts were recovered. Illustrates with drawings and black-and-white photographs two stoneware jugs, a red earthenware footed dish, a red earthenware skillet, a three- legged red earthenware cooking pot, a complete sword, a halberd, a hammer, a dagger scabbard, a spigot, and rigging blocks. Written in Dutch with English summary.
1984 Flevobericht nr. 235: vier werkschuiten uit de zeventiende eeuw. Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders, Lelystad.
A mud barge was found that stratigraphy indicates was sunk at the end of the 17th century or early in the 18th century. A knife and scabbard, a green glass bottle, a tobacco box, a padlock, two wooden scoops, and a pair of mud boots were found. Another mud barge is dated 1664. A "punter" was discovered that, based on the associated pipe bowls, marbles, and ceramics, dates from around 1650. It also contained a 1620 coin and a toy gun. Written in Dutch with English summary.
The small museum at Rhodesteyn, Neerlangbroek, Utrecht, contains the extensive Van Beuningen collection of medieval ceramics. H.J.E. van Beuningen started the collection after World War II, when large areas of Rotterdam were being excavated prior to reconstruction. Illustrates with black- and-white photographs a one-handled yellow-bodied and green- glazed drinking mug and another red-bodied and lead-glazed example with rouletted decoration dating about 1500 found in Rotterdam. Also illustrates a small 16th-century polychrome decorated majolica two-handled jug, a 17th-century coin bank in the form of a chicken made of yellow clay with green-glazed wings and a red comb and eyes, and two Weser ware red- bodied pots covered with yellow slip and decorated with green and orange stipples from the first half of the 17th century, all found in Delft. The collection also reflects the import of ceramics from France by 1600. During the clearing work in Rotterdam was found a plate with the inscription "Sans Dieu Nul ne Veut." It is yellow-bodied covered with a red slip and then a yellow slip over the red slip; the decoration was incised to the red slip but not through it. Then it was lead glazed. A large fragment of a red earthenware firecover was found at Krabbendijke on land that was submerged in 1530. Written in Dutch with English summary.
The Van Beuningen collection includes more than 5,000 examples of medieval and later ceramics that were used in Dutch households, taverns, and monasteries. The beginning of the collection was the discovery of artifacts in Rotterdam after the bombing in May 1940 opened old privies, foundations, and cellars. Illustrates from the first half of the 16th century a stoneware jug from Aken found at Zaltbommel and a red earthenware lead-glazed chamber pot found in Rotterdam, in addition to a stoneware conical beaker or mug from Raeren with a pewter lid marked with a Leiden mark (crossed keys) found in Rotterdam. Also illustrates a red earthenware Weser ware plate excavated at Delft, a white earthenware lead-glazed Weser ware three-legged pipkin excavated in Rotterdam, and a polychrome-decorated Dutch majolica porringer excavated at De Rijp, all from the first half of the 17th century, a red earthenware slip-decorated plate from Germany with the inscribed date 1621 found in North Holland, and a red earthenware slip-decorated pipkin bearing the date 1663 found in dredging at Schermerhorn. Also illustrates a white earthenware spouted jug with yellow and manganese lead glaze dating from the second half of the 16th century found at Edam. Also illustrates a slip- decorated red earthenware plate from the Lower Rhine with the date 1750 found at Oude Plantage, Rotterdam. Also illustrates a slip-decorated red earthenware plate dated 1623, a red earthenware slip-decorated firecover dated 1633, and a red earthenware slip-decorated porringer all found at De Rijp. From the first half of the 17th century also illustrates a slip-decorated red earthenware porringer found at Delft, a red earthenware coin bank in the form of a chicken with a yellow comb found in Delft, a tin-glazed salt cellar found in Delft, a green-glazed white earthenware basket-shaped pot with handle found in Delft, and a lead- glazed white earthenware candle stick found in Enkhuizen. From the second half of the 16th century also illustrates a small polychrome decorated majolica two-handled jug and a wood and brass candle stick both found in Delft and a polychrome decorated majolica plate found in Bergen op Zoom. From Rotterdam illustrates excavated silver and pewter spoons from the 16th and 17th centuries. Written in Dutch.
Coins are occasionally found. During the demolition of an old house on the former island of Urk, five gold and thirteen silver coins were found which must have been hidden between 1573 and 1576. A half crown, or daalder (illustrated), from 1606 was found in the wreck of a ship wrecked about 1610. Illustrates in color photographs shoes, boots, green- and brown-glazed floor tiles, red earthenware including a slip decorated plate dated 1630, green-glazed white earthenware, tin-glazed tiles, and metal cooking utensils including a pot and a kettle from wrecks. Also illustrates excavated wreck sites, including a wreck that contained a load of shells. Other cargoes that have been found in ships are building materials (pantiles, bricks, paving tiles, blocks of sandstone), dike-building material (stone), foodstuffs (fish, grain, wheat, buckwheat), and ships' timbers. There are also cargoes of 150 unfinished brass buckets, of iron-bound chests containing about 120 unused pitsaws missing their handles together with about an equal number of adzes all previously used but without handles, of iron bars, of swords with bone handles and iron hand guards, and of rolls of leather. Mud barges including one dated 1664 were found. Many wooden wrecks are being preserved for display. In 1975 and 1976 in Lelystad were found two wrecks, of which one was from the first half of the 18th century (ca. 1735). With it was a quantity of duit coins and pennies and a handsome knife scabbard. In 1980 in Lelystad was found the wreck of a Dutch freighter sunk about 1620. Illustrates a reconstruction drawing of this vessel. The hull, 18 meters long and 5 meters broad, is of the type of ship that often appeared in old prints of Dutch river and harbor views. The excavation of the hull revealed the still-intact arrangement of the interior. In the bow was the living space with a hearth and bedstead, while in the stern portion of the hold was a second living area. A large cargo was not found, but there was a quantity of various goods. There was a number of packaged scythes, a small lot of brand new cooking pots, and even a wooden chest with hundreds of eggs still packed in straw. A wooden barrel was full of pewter objects such as wine jugs, plates, salt cellars, candle sticks, and beakers. In the summer of 1977 was found the wreck of a half-burned-out ship with several cannon on board, while a number of muskets were also found. The most recent coin in the wreck dates 1670; perhaps the ship sank in 1672. Written in Dutch.
Comprehensive guide to the Museum collection of urban household items (mostly for the kitchen and table), with attention to their form, use, and manufacture. The objects are classified according to their presumed functions and are arranged by period. The categories for the separate 16th-, 17th-, and 18th-century periods include storage, food preparation, cooking, eating, glass, cutlery, pouring, drinking, lighting, heating, and toilet. Thousands of artifacts, many of them archeological, are illustrated in black-and-white photographs.
Complete typology, discussion, and interpretation of Dutch lead-glazed earthenware utility wares, also including stoneware and faience salve pots and albarelli. The typology is based on 17th-century ceramic assemblages from Prins Hendrikkade 36 and the Taanstraat in Amsterdam and from deposits excavated in Bergen op Zoom, North Brabant. Illustrates with accurate drawings examples of each ceramic vessel form and type.
Recent studies based on archeological discoveries have increased the awareness of the vast range of Netherlandish ceramics in the 16th and 17th centuries. Such objects have rarely found their way into private collections, and in this respect the Van Drecht Collection is unique. Illustrates in black-and-white and color examples of Dutch majolica and notes similar examples reported elsewhere and excavated in Leiden, Bergen op Zoom, Rotterdam, Leeuwarden, Haarlem, De Rijp, Deventer, Nijmegen, and Amsterdam. Also illustrates examples of faience similar to other examples reported from Amsterdam, Delft, Haarlem, Deventer, The Hague, Leiderdorp (kiln waste), Rotterdam, and the Waarder Polder (near Haarlem). A faience plate with Chinese decoration matches examples excavated on the Hooigracht in Haarlem, consisting of kiln waste attributed to Gerrit Willemsen Verstraeten. Illustrates a majolica porringer found in Delft and a white tin-glazed candle stick found in Delft on the site of De Porceleyne Fles. Also illustrates a faience plate decorated in blue and purple with a landscape found in Haarlem, a faience plate waster found in Delft, and a faience plate painted with a fruit still life also found in Delft.
In 1993 remains of a Zuiderzee freighter were excavated. It had sunk in relatively shallow water about 1700, or between 1692 and 1710. The bow area contained shoes, clay pipes, an adze, a knife, lead tokens, and other objects. In the stern were found two ceramic vessels: a cooking pot contained tar, while a green-glazed storage pot had been re-used perhaps as a chamber pot. A tobacco pipe and a ceramic bowl are decorated with the Roman Catholic IHS monogram. Illustrates lead tokens and a cast-iron cooking pot.
Description of the contents of two shipwrecks in the South China Seas recovered by Captain Michael Hatcher. The ships were a Chinese junk sunk between 1643 and 1646 and the Geldermalsen sunk in 1752. From the junk were recovered some 23,000 pieces of porcelain, and from the Geldermalsen are 140,000 pieces of porcelain and 125 gold ingots. Illustrates many of these objects in color and black-and-white photographs.
Catalogue of ceramics including porcelain salvaged from the wreck of the Dutch East India ship De Witte Leeuw sunk in 1613. Illustrates examples.
Collection of drawings of artifacts recovered from the Dutch East India Company ship Batavia, wrecked in 1629. Illustrates Rhenish Westerwald and Bellarmine jugs, lead- glazed earthenware, decorated majolica albarelli, ivory knife handles, glassware, wood, silver, cannon, an astrolabe, pewter, lead bale seals, and lead and iron shot. Brass utensils include a vent pick, a spigot, dividers, a book clasp, seals, a nested apothecaries' weights, and other objects.
A Dutch freighter, once used to carry people and produce around the Zuiderzee, was discovered and excavated near Lelystad. It sank about 1620. It is built alomost entirely of oak, and the hull has a wide, flat bottom with gently curving sides. The hull length is 18.25 meters. The hull originally drew 5 Amsterdam feet of water. Later the vessel draft was increased to 6 feet. The broad rudder could not have been used in heavy seas. The original keelson was made for a single, 12-meter-long oak timber. The ship had a single mast. There was limited shelter for crew and passengers.
The East India Company acquired this ship in 1648. The wreck was explored beginning in 1971. Illustrates a copper spoon, a spigot, wire-linked musket balls, a pocket sun watch, dividers, a sounding lead, marked clay pipes, coins, Bellarmine jug fragments, pewter bottle necks and caps, knife handles, a signet ring, and other objects.
1975 "The Treasure of Porto Santo." In National Geographic, Volume 148, Number 2, August, pp. 260-275.
Report on the discovery and exploration of the wreck of the East India Company ship Slot ter Hooge, sunk in 1724 in the Madeira Islands. Illustrates in color porcelain, clay pipes, spoons, a fork, brass spigots, nested apothecaries' weights, a mortar and pestle, brass tobacco box lids, and other objects.
1977 "The Wreck of the Curaçao, a Dutch Warship Lost off Shetland in 1729 While Convoying a Fleet of Returning East Indiamen: An Interim Report." In The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, Volume 6, Number 2, May, pp. 101-126.
The wreck was located in 1972. The wreckage lies in the bottom of three vertical canyons. Illustrates dividers, breech-loading cannon, gun parts, pewter spoons and a fork, a copper ladle, a marked pipe bowl, a brass candle stick, a French silver spoon, monetary weights, and a fragment of printed paper.
1978 "The Sunken Treasure of St. Helena." In National Geographic, Volume 154, Number 4, October, pp. 562-576.
Description of the discovery and exploration of the East India Company ship De Witte Leeuw sunk in 1613 in its return voyage from the East Indies. Illustrates in color cannon, a brass oil lamp, porcelain, and a silver whistle.
Report and collection of articles on excavation of a 17th- century privy. Thoroughly illustrates in drawings and both black-and-white and color photographs the red and yellow earthenwares, stoneware, majolica, faience, clay pipes, glassware, metal objects, wood objects, and cereal and faunal remains. A faunal analysis is included. Written in Dutch.
Catalogue of objects related to objects mentioned in the inventory of the estate of Oude Maria Dircksdochter. Illustrates from excavations in Rotterdam a Raeren stoneware jug of ca. 1580, another one dated 1570, a Raeren mug from about 1525, a 16th-century Raeren jug with a pewter lid, a knife with a brass and horn handle, a 16th-century pewter plate, a pewter salt cellar with folding lid, and 16th- century stone spindle whorls. Also illustrates from exacavations in Reimerswaal a stoneware jug made in Cologne about 1550, a 16th-century earthenware milk jug, an earthenware skillet made about 1500, and a three-legged pipkin of about 1575 to 1600. Also illustrates from excavations in Delft a stoneware jug made at Raeren about 1600, another stoneware jug made at Cologne about 1550, two plain 16th-century glass beakers, a majolica plate made in 1580, a plain earthenware plate made about 1525, a wooden plate made about 1600, an earthenware bowl of about 1500, and a wood and brass candle stick. Also illustrates from excavations in Leiden a pewter tankard from the 16th century, and another from about 1600. Also illustrates from Amsterdam excavations a pair of brass spigots from about 1600, a two- tined fork with bone handle of about 1600, and a pair of brass or bronze decorated key rings of about 1575. Also illustrates a pewter spoon of about 1550 found at Leede. Also illustrates a decorated majolica plate of about 1575 and a 16th-century needle case and thimble found at Middelburg. Also illustrates an earthenware firecover of about 1600 found at Edam. Also illustrates a small 16th-century lace bobbin found at Utrecht. Also illustrates a 16th-century bone comb found at Haarlem. Also illustrates a 16th-century pewter ear spoon and a brass tongue scraper found at Oud Krabbendijke. Written in Dutch.
In 1980 an almost intact well was discovered south of the Nonnenstraat in Nijmegen during construction-related archeological rescue work. The well was built of bricks between which were laid pieces of slate. The well was abandoned shortly before 1750, but the earliest deposits of artifacts in the well date from the last quarter of the 16th century. The pipes date from about 1635 to 1725. Illustrates decorated clay pipe stems and bowl heel marks, a wide variety of red earthenware vessels, green-glazed white bodied wares, Dutch majolica and faience plates, tin-glazed wall tiles, Raeren and Westerwald stoneware, and glass roemers and baluster-stemmed wine glasses. Other photographs illustrate beer glasses and small bottles. Written in Dutch.
Description of ceramics from the excavation in 1981 and 1982 of two blocks of houses at the Waterlooplein in Amsterdam, in an area of which that was was developed beginning in the 1590s. Much of the population was Jewish. The privies behind the houses contained an enormous quantity of artifacts. The relative amounts of various ceramics by type are compared by weight. Comparisons are also made between this material and material excavated in Nijmegen. It is clear that the presence of Chinese porcelain in the 17th and 18th centuries is a criterion for determining social status. Includes tables of ceramic data. Written in Dutch with English summary.
1993 "Status and the Weighing of Pottery." In Assembled Articles 1: Symposium on Medieval and Post-Medieval Ceramics, Nijmegen, 2 and 3 September 1993, pp. 119- 124. Stichting Promotie Archeologie, Zwolle.
Further recognition of the fact that archeological assemblages allow for economic interpretations is needed. In Nijmegen material was retrieved between 1979 and 1989 from more than 100 privies associated with identifiable houses. Further interesting work occurred on the Piersonstraat in 1990 and 1991. Quantification of the ceramics is by weight and by minimum number of specimens (MNS). Similar research was done with the material from the privies from the Waterlooplein excavations in Amsterdam, where two blocks of houses were excavated. These are shown on the 1625 map as as area separated from the River Amstel by timber yards. The population was predominantly Jewish. Privies at the Waterlooplein reveal that Chinese porcelain became popular in varying amounts from the second quarter of the 18th century onwards, while in Nijmegen its popularity was delayed until the middle 18th century. It is clear that the presence of porcelain in the 17th and 18th centuries is a criterion of social status. High percentages of stoneware in domestic waste also reflect a comparatively high social status before 1500. In addition, the presence of imported Italian faience is an indication of wealth both in Nijmegen and at the Waterlooplein. Includes tables of ceramic data.
The period after 1525, when Dirk van Bronchorst purchased the "Hof," to 1612 is the period stoneware declined in use. The usually anticipated types such as beer jugs from Raeren and salt-glazed funnel beakers (mugs) with appliqués from Siegburg are conspicuosly absent. Stoneware was not present during the second half of the 16th century. Earthenware of other types is often less closely datable than the stoneware. The most persistent types of artifacts date from the beginning of the 17th century. Luxury goods in the form of rare Chinese porcelain, Italian faience, and particularly glass and large stoneware jugs it is difficult to attribute other than as the possessions of burgomaster Johan Kelffken. This is also true for some the glass and possibly a part of the exclusive faunal material. Yellow-glazed paving tiles would have formed a colorful floor when used with green and/or brown examples. They date from the late 16th or 17th centuries. A number of Nijmegen houses still have brick floors. An entire collection of pipe fragments from around 1750, from the time that Johan Michiel Roukens lived in the store-house, is remarkable. Illustrates a complete long- stemmed 18th-century clay pipe with on its heel the mark of M. Velder of Gouda, representing a small round table with three tea cups. Includes analyses of faunal remains, a woman's shoe from the first half of the 18th century, and various brushes. The glassware includes examples of façon de Venise glass. Illustrates many examples of red and white earthenware, stoneware, majolica, faience, porcelain, creamware, and pearlware. Written in Dutch.
The modern salvagers of the Geldermalsen (the Nanking ship) are said to have dynamited the almost intact wreck after removing the porcelain so its location would remain unknown and the government from which it was stolen could not prove jurisdiction.
Catalogue of an exhibition for the 300-year anniversary of the Tichelaar ceramic factory in Makkum, Friesland. Harlingen was the main center of Frisian tile works and potteries. There was a tile factory in Bolsward and two in Makkum. The exhibition includes fragments of majolica plates excavated at various sites in Leeuwarden and in Makkum. A fragment of a blue-decorated Frisian plate dated 1667 was found on the site of the Van Hulst pottery at Harlingen. Written in Dutch with English summary.
By 1550 a number of potters in the province of Holland were making tin-glazed majolica. Haarlem became the most important center for the industry. The industry began in Delft somewhat later, with only eight factories set up by 1620. Around 1620 regular imports of Chinese porcelain began, and attempts were made to refine majolica during the 1620s with the development of faience. The improved faience or "Delftware" was known as "Dutch porcelain," "white," "Delft porcelain," and "Haarlem porcelain" and was being produced after around 1625. Illustrates many examples in color and black-and-white photographs of majolica and faience, in addition to fragments excavated in Delft, Rotterdam (majolica dated 1627), and Haarlem (including faience wasters). Written in Dutch with English summary.
The wreck of the Witte Leeuw was discovered in 1976 by Robert Sténuit near St. Helena. The ceramics from the wreck include not only porcelain but other ceramics. There are kraakporcelain pieces, Swatow plates, and martavans illustrated with drawings and photographs. Also illustrated are European ceramics (Bellarmine jugs, a white stoneware jug dated 1585, and tin-glazed albarelli).
Waste and refuse transported out of Amsterdam was deposited as fertilizer in areas east of the city. With the mud and waste were included pieces of clay pipes dating between 1610 and 1650, German stoneware with dates of 1630 or 1640 and the Amsterdam coat of arms, Chinese porcelain, and broken and malformed glass beads and tubular bead glassmaking debris. Beads and beadmaking refuse have also been found near Hilversum, Hoorn, Velzen, Haarlem, and many other towns. In Amsterdam, in excavating a new cellar at 292 Keizersgracht, not only beadmaking refuse but also glass furnaces were found.
1973 A Handbook on Beads. Librairie Halbert, Liege.
Illustrates rounded and tubular beads found in market gardens near Amsterdam and marked and decorated clay pipe bowls and stems dating between ca. 1610 and 1650 from the same fields. A few hundred beads, including misshapen ones clearly from a bead factory, were collected in fields at 's-Graveland. In Amsterdam, glass furnaces and remains from glass working were found in digging on the Keizersgracht. The Dutch beads made there are indistinguishable from the Venetian ones. Refuse spread on the fields outside Amsterdam includes not only beads but also many broken clay pipes, blue-decorated gray German stoneware with dates including 1632, 1640, and 1644, porcelain, clay marbles, and lead apothecaries' weights. Beads have also been found at Hoorn, Velzerend, Heemstede, and the island of Ameland.
The Van Beuningen-de Vriese Collection of pre-industrial utensils from archeological excavations was loaned to the Museum Boymans-van Beuningen in 1983; the collection was officially donated in 1991. It consists of about 10,000 ceramic, glass, metal, and wooden objects from the 12th through the 19th centuries. Includes a comprehensive glossary of the functional names in Dutch of various ceramic utensils with their English equivalents.
1995 "`The Inexhaustible Kettle': The Metamorphosis of a European Utensil in the World of the North American Indians." In One Man's Trash is Another Man's Treasure, pp. 115-173. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam, and Jamestown Settlement Museum, Williamsburg, Va.
Archeological evidence and documents indicate two types of kettles in the 16th and 17th centuries: hemispherical kettles beaten from single sheets and cylindrical kettles made with two pieces of sheet metal rivetted together and with straight sides and flat bottoms. The cargo of a wreck from the North Sea includes examples of unfinished kettles of the hemispherical type, without rims, lugs, or handles (illustrated in color). The second type is the only type of kettle found on Dutch inland waterway craft in the period before 1650. Most pre-1600 kettles were made of copper, whereas 17th-century kettles tend to be brass.
Eight forms of glass are discussed and are documented by a variety of iconographic sources which illustrate the role and symbolic meanings of utility glassware. Occasionally, for example, roemer glasses were placed on pedestals and were elevated to the rank of ceremonial drinking vessel and status symbol. The eight forms, represented by excavated examples, are cabbage-stalk beakers, case bottles, plain beakers (beer glasses), the "Ringing out Duc d'Alf" glasses, beakers with checkered spiral-trail decoration (also beer glasses), roemers, medicine bottles, and passglasses (passgläser). In archeological contexts, glass beakers for drinking appear commonly together with drinking vessels of earthenware, stoneware, and wood from all levels of society after about 1400. The form of medicine bottles changed scarcely at all between 1500 and 1800. The square case bottle appeared shortly before 1600. Window glass did not come into general use until the 17th century. The "Ringing out the Duc d'Alf" glasses commemorated a victory over the Spanish at the end of the Twelve Years' Truce. Examples have been excavated from a privy near the Prinsenhof in Geertruidenberg and in the Kasstraat in Antwerp. Written in Dutch and in English. Illustrates black-and-white photographs of a checkered spiral-trail decorated beaker excavated in Rotterdam dating about 1575 to 1625 and, from Delft, a German passglas of about 1600 to 1650 and a berkemeier of about 1600 to 1625.
The contents of two privies excavated in 1984 in the center of Groningen formed the basis for the system of classifiying utlitarian ceramics from closed contexts. The ceramics are divided into six principal categories: unglazed earthenware, lead-glazed earthenware, tin-glazed earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, and English pottery. The unglazed earthenware is represented by white earthenware, red earthenware, and grayware. Grayware is primarily medieval but is sometimes found, perhaps representing earthenware which was accidentally fired with insufficient oxygen in the kiln. Glazed earthenware consists of red and white earthenwares. Tin-glazed earthenwares are majolica and faience. Eight functional categories have also been identified: light and heat, food utensils, recreation, physical care and hygiene, ornament and religion, trade and industry, sundries, and "unknown." It is possible that the functional categories should be replaced by vessel form categories. Also, the different types of porcelain and English pottery should be further distinguished.
Discoveries of beads in the Netherlands have not included any evidence that large chevron-type beads were made there. Beads have been found in many places in the Netherlands, but mostly in Amsterdam. In Amsterdam they are found throughout the city, in privies, during construction projects, and in dredging the Keizersgracht and the Amstel. Outside Amsterdam, 17th-century refuse areas in gardens at 's- Graveland and Boeren-Wetering have produced beads.
The collection from the wreck site will be exhibited in the Dominican Republic. In 1992 an unidentified brass turned object was recovered from the site. It measures 30.8 centimeters in height and has notched rims around it. It has been identified as a multi-piece lamp (chandelier). A brass candle stick arm and bracket that fits into a notch on the uppr rim has also been found at the site.
One of the greatest problems in the medieval city was the risk of fire. After the fire of 1452 structures were required to have brick-covered side walls. New houses had to have roofs of slate or of tiles. By the end of the 16th century wooden façades were also prohibited. Time after time the city government had to proclaim that brick side walls were compulsory. Because a brick house is heavier, the foundation was regulated by law. A firm foundation was necessary; a foundation wall of brick was started on rows of driven small posts. On this deep wall rested the house wall. Such a foundation was costly. After a fire a lot with its old foundation was frequently offered for sale. Illustrates with a black-and-white photograph the excavated foundation walls of a 16th-century brick house. During the excavations evidence of the occupation of the house was found in the rear yard area. There were many privies including indoor privies. For a long time not every house had such facilities, and three houses had to share one privy. Documents established how a privy was to be kept clean and empty. The contents were emptied into barges that discharged their loads into the Y. The excavations revealed broken ceramic remains of skillets, pots, and small jugs and plates. There were also leather artifacts and faunal remains including shells of shellfish. Other finds were an iron key, glassware, children's toys, and coins. Written in Dutch.
Documentary history of the loss of the Amsterdam on the south coast of England in 1749 and of the investigation and recording of the remains. Illustrates with drawings and photographs cannon, a copper priming wire, a lead vent hole cover, leather cartridge cases, remains of pet dogs, seeds and vegetable remains, clay pipe heel marks, a smoothing iron, pewter, wooden barrels and chests, wine bottles, a Leiden bale seal (cloth seal), medical equipment, ceramic ointment jars, and a salt-glazed stoneware storage jar.
Several new discoveries and related documentary research have provided clues as to the production of majolica in Antwerp. At Tongeren a brick kiln site has been excavated, and research has focussed on medieval but primarily post-medieval production of bricks. Includes an extensive bibliography.
During the early 16th century, many Italian potters moved northward to Antwerp, taking with them their craft of making tin-glazed majolica. Some of these potters began to leave Antwerp in the second half of the 16th century, going to England as well as to the northern Netherlands. In Haarlem, a document shows that a new ware, delft (faience), was being made by 1642. Between 1640 and 1670 the Dutch majolica industry died slowly while the new ware replaced it. Early in the 20th century sherds of Dutch majolica were found during a construction project in Delft, probably the first time its significance as a ceramic type was recognized. In 1914 more sherds were discovered in Rotterdam, and in 1926 a fill deposit from 1646 was excavated in Amsterdam, revealing majolica sherds. Illustrates a number of excavated Dutch majolica sherds found in Rotterdam.
1985 "Household Artifacts of New Netherland, from its Archaeological and Documentary Records." In New Netherland Studies: Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Oudheidkundige Bond, Jaargang 84, nummer 2/3, Juni, pp. 120-129.
Illustrates Dutch majolica and faience plates and a Bellarmine jug excavated in Amsterdam matching fragments of similar plates and a jug excavated at Fort Orange in Albany, New York.
1987 Dutch Trade and Ceramics in America in the Seventeenth Century. Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, N.Y.
Illustrates a kiln prop excavated from a site in the Netherlands and sherds of Dutch polychrome-decorated majolica with Italianate designs excavated in Amsterdam in 1931, dating from the first half of the 17th century. These sherds as well as complete Dutch majolica plates are compared with sherds excavated at Fort Orange. Also illustrates in color examples of Dutch majolica plates and both red- and white- bodied utility earthenware vessels excavated in the Netherlands and in the collection of the Albany Institute of History and Art. A complete red earthenware colander is compared with a sherd from Fort Orange.
The fourth season on the wreck site, near Isla Cabrita in the Dominican Republic, was completed in 1994. A large number of clay pipes made by Edward Bird of Amsterdam were found, of both the bulbous and elbow-shaped bowl types. Heel marks on the pipes, besides EB, include WH and P*C, possibly for Willem Hendricks and Pieter Claesz, both also pipemakers of Amsterdam. A fourth heel mark, D*C, remains unidentified. About 30,000 clay pipe fragments have been recovered. Dutch faience and stoneware Bellarmine jug fragments have also been found in significant numbers. Illustrates drawings of the Bellarmine fragments including a medallion depicting a soldier holding a glass. Illustrates with black-and-white photographs a Dutch faience fragment, clay pipes, and a set of nested apothecaries' weights. Coins include pieces of eight. It is thought the ship sank between 1651 and 1665, carrying a Dutch cargo.
The origin of the Jews harp is traced back to Roman times. Illustrates Jews harps from Nijmegen, Amsterdam, Heemstede, Maastricht, Vianen, and many other places.