Annotated Bibliographies for Archeology of Crown Point, NY

New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation

A Bibliography of Reports, Published Articles, and Books
Relating to the Archeology of Crown Point State Historic Site
through August 1996

Bibliographic data only
Bibliographic data and abstracts

Anderson, Tom
1981 "Crown Point." Adirondack Life. Volume XII, Number 3, May/June. 7 pp.[12-15, 40-42].

Anonymous
1930 Conservation Department Nineteenth Annual Report for the Year 1929. J.B. Lyon Company, Printers, Albany. 489 pp.

1971 Welcome to the Crown Point Forts: A Self-Conducted Post Tour. Crown Point Foundation, New York. 16 pp.

Barker, E. Gilbert
1969 A Master Plan for Crown Point. Barker & Henry, Glens Falls, N.Y. 111 pp., maps, plans.

Barnes, Albert C.
1911 "Old Crown Point." The Champlain Tercentary: Report of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission prepared by Henry Wayland Hill. J.B. Lyon Company, State Printers, Albany. 6 pp.[126-131]. [Address at Crown Point, July 5, 1909.]

Beaudry, Mary C.
1982 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 15, Number 3, October. 6 pp.[13-18].

Bellico, Russell P.
1992 Sails and Steam in the Mountains: A Maritime and Military History of Lake Champlain. Purple Mountain Press, Fleischmanns, N.Y. 393 pp.

Brimmer, Frank E.
1927 "The Champlain Valley: The Main Street of Early Days." The One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the American Revolution in the Crown Point Area, Crown Point State Park, July 4, 1927. Presented in a Pageant by Citizens of Essex County representing the Towns of Crown Point, Moriah, Ticonderoga and Westport and under the auspices of the University of the State of New York, The Clark-Patnode Post of the American Legion, and Patriotic Citizens of the aforementioned Towns, n.p.

Child, Hamilton, comp.
1882 Gazetteer and Business Directory of Addison County, Vt., for 1881-82. Printed at the Journal Office, Syracuse, N.Y. February. 541 pp.

Chilton, Elizabeth S.
1988 Archeological Interpretation of New York State Historic Sites. August. 33 pp.

Ciampa, Thomas D.
1983 "Ruins Stabilization at Crown Point." DHP News. Number 14, Fall. 2 pp.[4-5].

Cohn, Arthur, and Kevin Crisman
1990 Report of the Phase I In-Water Archaeological Survey in the Waters Surrounding Crown Point State Historic Site. Basin Harbor, Vt. 68 pp., appendices.

Cook, Garrett
1990 "The Dig on Lighthouse Point." The Quarterly: Official Publication of the St. Lawrence County Historical Association. Volume XXXV, Number 1, January. 9 pp.[22-30].

Coolidge, Guy Omeron
1979 The French Occupation of the Champlain Valley From 1609 to 1759. Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, N.Y. 175 pp. [Reprint of the 1938 edition.]

Cornwall, William S.
1971 Research Report on Analysis of a Tin Canteen Fragment from Crown Point. Rochester, N.Y. May. 24 pp.

1975 "Eighteenth-Century British Military Canteens." Medical Radiography and Photography. Volume 51, Number 2. 3 pp. [1,46-47].

Cotter, John L.
1975 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 8, Number 4, December. 16 pp.[6-21].

1976 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 9, Number 4, December. 12 pp.[8-19].

1978 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 11, Number 1, March. 12 pp.[25-36].

1979 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 12, Number 2, June. 8 pp.[10-17].

1980 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 13, Number 1, March. 5 pp.[19-23].

Crockett, Walter Hill
1937 A History of Lake Champlain. McAuliffe Paper Co., Burlington, Vt. 320 pp., illus.

Fedory, Ed
1981 "Long Lost Outpost Unearthed! French and Indian War Relics Saved." Treasure Search. Volume 9, Number 1, February. 4 pp.[24-27].

Feister, Lois M.
1976 Archeological Testing for New Electrical Line at the Museum Building, Crown Point State Historic Site, Crown Point, New York. Waterford, N.Y. December. l7 pp.

1984a "Building Materials Indicative of Status Differentia-
tion at the Crown Point Barracks." Historical Archaeology. Volume 18, Number 1. 5 pp.[103-107].

1993 "Current Research: New York State." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 26, November. 2 pp.[13-14].

1995a Johnson Hall Outbuildings, Landscape History, and Forgotten Features: Documentary and Archeological Research Conducted Between 1945 and 1991, Johnstown, Fulton County, New York. Waterford, N.Y. April. 486 pp.

1995b "Current Research: New York State." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 32, October. 2 pp.[5-6].

1995c The 18th Century Summer House Site at Crown Point State Historic Site: A Synthesis of Three Excavation Projects. Waterford, N.Y. December. 52 pp.

1995d "Archaeology Summer Program: New York State Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation." New York Archaeological Council Newsletter. December. 2 pp.[8-9].

Feister, Lois M., and Paul R. Huey
1988 "Current Research: New York State." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 11, July. 2 pp.[4-5].

1991 A Survey of Earthen Fortifications of the French and Indian War Period. Waterford, N.Y. January. 20 pp.

1994a "New York State: Current Research." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 29. October. 1 p.[7].

1994b "New York State Bureau of Historic Sites Summer Projects, 1994." New York Archaeological Council Newsletter. December. 2 pp.[2-3].

1991 A Report on the 1977 Archaeological Test Excavations at Fort St. Frédéric, Crown Point State Historic Site, Essex County, New York. Waterford, N.Y. April. 54 pp.

1992 Test Excavations in the State Campground at Crown Point, 1992. Waterford, N.Y. October. 14 pp.

1993b Archeological Excavations at Crown Point, August 1993. Waterford, N.Y. November. 21 pp.

1994 Archaeology of Provincial Officers' Huts at Crown Point State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. January. 28 pp.,illus.

Fisher, Charles L., and Paul R. Huey
1994 Current Research and Future Directions in Archeology at the Bureau of Historic Sites. April. 24 pp. [Published in A Northeastern Millennium: History and Archaeology for Robert E. Funk edited by Christopher Lindner and Edward V. Curtin. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology. Volume 12, 1996. 15 pp.[163-177].

Fortiner, Virgina
1962 Archaeology as a Hobby. C.S. Hammond and Company, Maplewood, N.J. 47 pp.

Frink, Douglas S.
1990 Chimney Point State Historic Site: Archaeological Evaluations for Underground Utilities and Septic System. Essex Junction, Vt. March. 82 pp.

Furness, Gregory, and Timothy Titus
1985 Master Plan for Crown Point State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. December. 82 pp.

Gilkerson, William
1991 Boarders Away: With Steel -- Edged Weapons & Polearms. Andrew Mowbray, Inc., Old Louisquisset Pike, Lincoln, R.I. 168 pp.

Grumet, Robert S.
1992 Historic Contact: Early Relations Between Indians and Colonists in Northeastern North America, 1524-1783. Final Draft. Cultural Resources Planning Branch, Archeological Assistance Division, Mid-Atlantic Region, National Park Service, Philadelphia. 435 pp.

1995 Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United States in the Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London. 529 pp.

Hagerty, Gilbert W.
1963 "The Iron Trade-Knife in Oneida Territory." Pennsylvania Archaeologist. Volume XXXIII, Nos. 1-2, July. 22 pp.[93-114].

1984 "Crown Point's Secret." Adirondack Bits `n Pieces. Volume 1, Number 3, Spring/Summer. 6 pp.[15-20].

Harrington, Faith
1988 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 21, Number 3, October. 3 pp.[19-21].

Hemenway, Abby Maria, ed.
1867 The Vermont Historical Gazetteer. Volume I. Published by Miss A.M. Hemenway, Burlington, Vt. 1107 pp.

Hill, Henry Wayland
1913 The Champlain Tercentenary: Final Report of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission. J.B. Lyon Company, State Printers, Albany. 325 pp.

Holden, James A.
1916 "Crown Point Reservation." Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association. Volume XV. Published by the New York State Historical Association, n.p. 3 pp.[30-32].

Hopkins, Arthur S.
1962 "Old Fort St. Frederic - French Relic At Crown Point." The Conservationist. August-September. 3 pp.[13-15].

Howard, David Sanctuary
1984 New York and the China Trade. The New-York Historical Society, New York. 142 pp.

Huey, Paul R.
1959a New Discoveries at Crown Point, N.Y. Rensselaer County Junior Museum, Troy, N.Y. 33 pp., illus.

1959b The Colonial English Village at Crown Point. Columbia High School College English, East Greenbush, N.Y. 40 pp.

1962 English Artifacts and Architecture at Colonial Crown Point. History Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, N.Y. April. 33 pp.

1969 Handbook of Historical Artifacts. Heldeberg Workshop, Inc., Voorheesville, N.Y. 65 pp.

1975 An Historical Archeological Interpretation of the British Fort at Crown Point. Albany, N.Y. March. 16 pp.

1976a Historical Archeology at Crown Point, 1976. Waterford, N.Y. July. 2 pp.

1976b Historical Archeology at Crown Point State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. October. 7 pp.

1976c Historical Archeology at New York State Historic Sites. Waterford, N.Y. October. 6 pp.

1976d Testing for New Signs at Crown Point, August 1976. Waterford, N.Y. November. 14 pp.

1978a Preliminary Analysis of Some of the Unassociated Material from a Vandalized Site at Crown Point near the Pyrke Road. Waterford, N.Y. July. 4 pp.

1978b Preliminary Report on Rescue Excavations Near the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse and Site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt at Crown Point, 1978. Waterford, N.Y. October. 15 pp.

1979a Historical Archeology Unit Research Plan, Historic Sites Bureau, Division for Historic Preservation. Waterford, N.Y. May. 46 pp.

1979b Animal Husbandry and Meat Consumption at Crown Point, New York, in the Colonial Period and Revolutionary War. Waterford, N.Y. October. 64 pp.,maps.

1984 "Old Slip and Cruger's Wharf at New York: An Archaeological Perspective of the Colonial American Waterfront." Historical Archaeology. Volume 18, Number 1. 23 pp.[15-37].

1987 "Archeology and Historic Preservation." Preservation League of New York State Newsletter. Volume 13, Number 1. 1 p.[4].

1989 The History and Archeology of Crown Point. Waterford, N.Y. October. 24 pp.

1990a Archeological Research at Old Slip, Manhattan. Waterford, N.Y. 6 pp. [Paper presented April 7 at a meeting of the Professional Archaeologists of New York City at the Museum of the City of New York.]

1990b "The History and Archaeology of Crown Point." Fortress: The Castles and Fortifications Quarterly. Issue No. 5, May. 11 pp.[44-54].

1990c The Baker Farm at Crown Point State Historic Site, Crown Point, New York. Waterford, N.Y. September. 6 pp.

1993 "An Iron Shoe Buckle from Crown Point." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 26, November. 1 p.[7].

Historical Archaeology Conference at Washington, D.C.]

1995 Preliminary Report on Rescue Excavations Near the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse and Site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt at Crown Point, 1978. Waterford, N.Y. March. 20 pp. [Revision of the 1978 preliminary report.]

Huey, Paul, and Lois Feister
1982 Archeology at Crown Point, 1982. Waterford, N.Y. July. 6 pp.

1988 "New York State: Current Research." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 12. November. 2 pp.[7-8].

Huey, Paul R., and Joseph E. McEvoy
1993 Excavations at Crown Point Near Fort St. Frédéric, June 1-2, 1993. Waterford, N.Y. August. 9 pp., flan, illus.

Ismay, Louis F.
1959 "Yorkers at Crown Point." The Yorker. Volume XVIII, Number 1, September-October. 4 p pp.[4-7].

Kellogg, David S.
1970 A Doctor at All Hours: The Private Journal of a Small-Town Doctor's Varied Life, 1886-1909 edited by Allan S. Everest. The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, Vt. 232 pp.

Kravic, Frank J.
1971 "Colonial Crown Point and its Artifacts." Northeast Historical Archaeology. Volume 1, Number 1, Spring. 2 pp.[20-21].

Lonergan, Carroll Vincent
1941 The Northern Gateway: A History of Lake Champlain. Copyright 1939, Second printing. n.p.

Lossing, Benson J.
1855 The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution. Volume I. Harper Brothers, Franklin Square, New York. 783 pp.

Matejka, Gail Klimcovitz
1977 Crown Point State Historic Site Archeological Testing, Interpretive Signs: 1975 and 1976. Waterford, N.Y. February. 13 pp.,plans.

Miller, Howard
1982 "New Windsor Cantonment Visitor Center Opens." DHP News. Number 12, Summer. 1 p.[4].

Murphy, William C.
1996 "DAR Mansion Update." Vermont Archaeological Society Newsletter. Number 77, January. 2 pp.[5-6].

Murray, W.H.H.
1890 Lake Champlain and Its Shores. De Wolfe, Fiske & Co., 365 Washington Street, Boston. 265 pp.

Parker, Arthur C.
1922 The Archeological History of New York. Part 2. The University of the State of New York, Albany. 272 pp.[471-743].

Porsche, Audrey
1994 "Chimney Point Interprets Native American Prehistory to Schools." Archeology & Vermont Education. Volume 1, May. 1 p.[2].

Redford, Kenneth S.
1977 "Comments on the New Museum at Crown Point." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 18. 1 p.[1].

1978 "Archaeological Report." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 19. 1 p.[2].

1979 "For the Archaeological Record." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 20. 2 pp.[1-2].

1980 "Progress on Artifacts." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 21, August. 2 pp.[1-2].

1981 "Foundation Artifacts Moved." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 22, October. 1 p.[3].

1982 "Archaeological Note." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 23, July. 1 p.[4].

1983 "Archaeological Activity." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 24, July. 1 p.[3].

1984 "Archaeological Digs Continue." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 25, August. 1 p.[1].

Reid, W. Max
1910 Lake George and Lake Champlain. The Knickerbocker Press, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London. 399 pp., illus.

Rick, Anne Meacham
1980 Behind the Barracks: Analysis of Animal Remains from the Rear of the Soldiers' Barracks, Crown Point State Historic Site, New York. August. 59 pp.,appendices.

Robbins, Roland W.
1968 Crown Point Historic Master Plan Investigations: Initial Archaeological Surveys, and the Preservation of 18th and 19th Century Ruins at Crown Point Reservation, Essex County, New York. December. 63 pp.

Robbins, Roland Wells, and Evan Jones
1959 Hidden America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 272 pp.

Roby, Luther, compiler
1831 Reminiscences of the French War; Containing Rogers' Expeditions with the New-England Rangers under his Command, as Published in London in 1765; with Notes and Illustrations. To Which is Added an Account of the Life and Military Services of Maj. Gen. John Stark; with Notices and Anecdotes of Other Officers Distinguished in the French and Revolutionary Wars. Published by Luther Roby, Concord, N.H. 275 pp. [New edition published by The Freedom Historical Society, Freedom, N.H., 1988. 343 pp.]

Rolando, Victor R.
1992 200 Years of Soot and Sweat: The History and Archeology of Vermont's Iron, Charcoal, and Lime Industries. Vermont Archaeological Society, Manchester Center, Vt. 302 pp.

Shearer, Thomas D., comp.
1994 Draft Unit Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Crown Point Public Campground. Volume II. Bureau of Recreation, Division of Operations, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany. 29 pp., appendices.

Smith, H.P., ed.
1885 History of Essex County. D. Mason & Co., Publishers, Sytracuse, N.Y. 769 pp.

1886 History of Addison County, Vermont. D. Mason & Co., Publishers, Syracuse, N.Y. 836 pp., illus.

Sonn, Albert H.
1928 Early American Wrought Iron. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Volume III. 263 pp. [Reprinted by Bonanza Books, New York, 1979.]

Sopko, Joseph S., and Lois M. Feister
1987 Abraham van Gaasbeek's Occupation of the Senate House State Historic Site, Kingston, N.Y. Waterford, N.Y. April. 228 pp. [Draft version only.]

1994 Archeological Investigations of the Brick Lot at John Jay Homestead State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. December. 45 pp.

Sopko, Joseph S., and Joseph E. McEvoy
1983 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of 17th and 18th Century Brick Samples from New York State: A Preliminary Study. Waterford, N.Y. October. 19 pp.

1991 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of 17th and 18th Century Bricks From New York State. Waterford, N.Y. February. 25 pp.

1995a "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical

Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 28, Number 1, March. 3 pp.[25-27].

1995b "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 28, Number 4, December. 3 pp.[11-13].

Stember, Sol
1974 The Bicentennial Guide to the American Revolution: The War in the North. Volume I. Saturday Review Press, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York. 412 pp.

Swift, Samuel
1859 History of the Town of Middlebury in the County of Addison, Vermont. A.H. Copeland, Middlebury. 444 pp.

Trudgen, Gary A.
1987 "Gilfoil's Coppers." The Colonial Newsletter. Volume 27, No. 2, Serial No. 76, July. 4 pp.[997-1000].

pp.[649-898].

1863 Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley. J. Munsell, 78 State Street, Albany, N.Y. 231 pp.

1869 The Military and Civil History of the County of Essex, New York. J. Munsell, State Street, Albany, N.Y. 504 pp.

Wentworth, Dennis L.
1986 Crown Point 1986 Summer House Excavations. Waterford, N.Y. July. 3 pp.

Compiled by Paul R. Huey

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTS, PUBLISHED ARTICLES,
AND BOOKS RELATING TO THE ARCHEOLOGY OF
CROWN POINT STATE HISTORIC SITE THROUGH 1994

Anderson, Tom
1981 "Crown Point." Adirondack Life. Volume XII, Number 3, May/June. 7 pp.[12-15, 40-42].
During the 1960s Roland Wells Robbins was hired to excavate Fort St. Frédéric. A backhoe was used to dig up mounds of artifacts, but incomplete records were kept. Later archeology has focussed on excavation in advance of construction in order to rescue information. Excavation of a drain trench behind the British barracks revealed trash discarded by the soldiers. Preliminary reports indicate the diet consisted of large amounts of fish and domestic animals and smaller amounts of game. Ceramics representing tableware were found. Also found were broken bayonet tips possibly indicating the deliberate destruction by the British of military equipment to make it useless to the approaching American rebels. Other excavations in advance of construction have revealed the stone glacis of the British fort. The current goal is to preserve Crown Point for future generations and to do the least damage while getting the most interpretive information. It is necessary to accept the fact that the whole story can never be known.

Anonymous
1930 Conservation Department Nineteenth Annual Report for the Year 1929. J.B. Lyon Company, Printers, Albany. 489 pp.
Copies of plans of Fort St. Frédéric dated 1737 and 1752 have been obtained from Paris. Both plans agree with the ruins that still remain upon the ground, and from these plans can be obtained the necessary data for the reconstruction of the fort and its citadel.

1971 Welcome to the Crown Point Forts: A Self-Conducted Post Tour. Crown Point Foundation, New York. 16 pp.
Several foundations have been uncovered in the English village site. It is hoped in the next few years that more will be uncovered there. In September 1968, two very old cannon and parts of a huge nail-studded doorwere uncovered just under the sod in Fort St. Frédéric. Illustrates one of the swivel cannon discovered in 1968. Efforts were begun to excavate and outline the walls of the citadel. Also illustrates the leg of a cast-iron kettle excavated in 1958, a horse's bit, small keys excavated in 1958 and 1959, a buttplate of a musket, a shackle, a folding knife, a shutter pintle,pottery sherds, and a set of bronze nested apothecary's weights.

Barker,E. Gilbert
1969 A Master Plan for Crown Point. Barker & Henry, Glens Falls, N.Y. 111 pp., maps, plans.
Archeology at Crown Point should not be rushed and has the advantage of being a fascinating "spectator sport." It is necessary to distinguish between "historical" and "recreational"areas to avoid destruction of sites during development. An archeological inventory is being prepared to identify sites within the "recreational" area, in which historically valuable sites must be avoided. A master grid system for the entire site has been set up, with stone markers placed at corners of 1000-foot square areas. Fortunately, areas of major concern have been established and excluded from the "recreational" area. An outdoor interpretive center consisting of an amphitheater with a maximum capacity of 1000 persons is proposed for the sloping historic hillside area above the lake shore northwest of the British fort near the site of the English village. Ancient foundations known to exist in the area of the proposed stage can be excavated as a regular demonstration and can be reburied as often as they are excavated. Parking lots for 1000 cars maximum are proposed in the existing Reservation campground area. New campsites and athletic fields are proposed in the area south of Gage's Redoubt. Day use parking would be along the old railroad embankment. A new west side recreational area sewer system would be built. The slumped soils around the fort ramparts should be removed, with due care to recover artifacts, although the 1968 excavations indicate that few artifacts will be found. A priority for the Historic Trust should be acquisition of the Coffin Point parcel, which is threatened. Route 9N and 22 should be re-routed east of the Light Infantry Redoubt. Historic areas will need policing against the activities of pothunters.

Barnes, Albert C.
1911 "Old Crown Point." The Champlain Tercentenary: Report of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission prepared by Henry Wayland Hill. J.B. Lyon Company, State Printers, Albany. 6 pp.[126-131]. [Address at Crown Point, July 5, 1909.]
The covered way to the lake from Fort St. Frédéric was open even in the speaker's father's boyhood. About a half mile southwest of the French fort is the site of a French village. A few flagstones until recently showed where the villagers trod.

Beaudry, Mary C.
1982 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 15, Number 3, October. 6 pp.[13-18].
Testing in the ruins of the British soldiers' and officers' barracks revealed 18th century floors of 8-inch square red earthen tiles in the officers' barracks and of red brick in the soldiers' barracks. Two rooms of the soldiers' barracks were re-occupied in the 19th century, with wooden floors laid over the brick.

Bellico, Russell P.
1992 Sails and Steam in the Mountains: A Maritime and Military History of Lake Champlain. Purple Mountain Press, Fleischmanns, N.Y. 393 pp.
Remains of a vessel recovered from the lake at Crown Point in the early 20th century and displayed on the parade grounds until destroyed in a grass fire in the 1940s might have been the Grand Diable, a radeauorrow galley captured from the French in 1759 and sunk in a storm on October 22, 1761.

Brimmer, Frank E.
1927 "The Champlain Valley: The Main Street of Early Days." The One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the American

Revolution in the Crown Point Area, Crown Point State Park, July 4, 1927. Presented in a Pageant by Citizens of Essex County representing the Towns of Crown Point, Moriah,Ticonderoga and Westport and under the auspices of the University of the State of New York, The Clark-Patnode Post of the American Legion, and Patriotic Citizens of the aforementioned Towns, n.p.
During the French occupation a large tract between Crown Point and Ticonderoga was cleared and cultivated,an area in which stand heavy forests of unmistakably second growth. In them are ruins of an ancient cemetery and vestiges of edifices indicating a thickly settled agricultural area. The ramparts of the British fort are in good condition and are supported by a sloping bank of earth. The walls of the fort should soon be uncovered.

Child, Hamilton, comp.
1882 Gazetteer and Business Directory of Addison County, Vt., for 1881-82. Printed at the Journal Office, Syracuse, N.Y. February. 541 pp.
The French before 1759 had cleared the timber from along the lake shore 3 or 4 miles north of Chimney Point. Afterwards, the cellars and other remains of their forts and dwellings were found by the English settlers, and many are still to be seen in Addison County. John Strong arrived in September 1765 and built a house, selecting the foundation of an old French housefor the site, about 3 miles north of Crown Point.

Chilton, Elizabeth S.
1988 Archeological Interpretation of New York State Historic Sites. August. 33 pp.
Crown Point was one of four sites at which archeological interpretation activities were concentrated during the summer of 1988 because of on-going major projects. The text of a brochure/press release was produced, and 60 copies of the brochure were reproduced. In addition, talks on the archeological research and on artifact conservation were presented on a Sunday at noon. During the two weeks of field work a total of about 150 people

visited, in addition to one reporter from the Plattsburgh newspaper. The weatherwas extremely hot, and many other visitors did not actually come down to see the excavations.

Ciampa, Thomas D.
1983 "Ruins Stabilizationat Crown Point." DHP News. Number 14, Fall. 2 pp.[4-5].
The walls of the British barracks are constructed with dressed interior and exterior stone faces and a rubble-filled cavity between them. Stabilization of the walls is a continuous project. Recent archeological excavations have revealed former brick and clay tile floors, and such discoveries will enable staff to develop expanded and more accurate interpretation of the site.

Cohn, Arthur, and Kevin Crisman
1990 Report of the Phase I In-Water Archaeological Survey in the Waters Surrounding Crown Point State Historic Site. Basin Harbor, Vt. 68 pp., appendices.

Cook, Garrett
1990 "The Dig on Lighthouse Point." The Quarterly: Official Publication of the St. Lawrence County Historical Association. Volume XXXV, Number 1, January. 9 pp.[22-30].
In 1987 and 1988 excavations at Ogdensburg, New York, revealed remains from French Fort la Présentation, built in 1749. The artifacts were compared with material excavated at Crown Point. Sherds of white faience decorated with a blue saw-tooth pattern are of the same pattern as French faience sherds excavated at Crown Point. Also, among the red earthenware are sherds made probably in Liguriain Italy.

Coolidge, Guy Omeron
1979 The French Occupation of the Champlain Valley From 1609 to 1759. Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, N.Y. 175 pp. [Reprint of the 1938 edition.]
Millard Barnes of Chimney Point has three of the arch stones from the covered way of Fort St. Frédéric. A millstone from the mill is at the foot of the slope in

front of the Barnes house. The Barnes house was an old tavern built of brick salvaged from Crown Point by his grandfather. There are numerous cellarholes of French houses at and near Chimney Point. In 1889 evidence of a large settlement at Crown Point was still visible. The French villages had a population of about 800 persons, as reasonably estimated by Hemenway. In construction of the Champlain Bridge, the floor, fireplace, and foundation of a French house was uncovered.

Cornwall, William S.
1971 Research Report on Analysis of a Tin Canteen Fragment from Crown Point. Rochester, N.Y. May. 24 pp.
A fragment of a canteen including the base which was found about 1968 in the dump area at the rear of the Light Infantry Redoubt is from a half-cylindrical canteen with slightly concave back, designated as Type II and in use by the British Army by 1740. It is a type clearly shown in Hogarth's "March of the Guards to Finchley" (1746). Another canteen fragment from the Light Infantry Redoubt is a flat top that is oval in shape and is similar to one found at Carleton Island. A third canteen fragment from this site is a base that is semicircular in form. Radiography reveals evidence of soldered repairs, and scanning electron microscope studies reveal that a tin coating was found to occur on only one side of the tin in cross-section.

1975 "Eighteenth-Century British Military Canteens." Medical Radiography and Photography. Volume 51, Number 2. 3 pp. [1,46-47].

Cotter, John L.
1975 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 8, Number 4, December. 16 pp.[6-21].
Proposed construction of new museum facilities necessitated survey and excavation of the site, revealing remains of the glacis of the British fort built in 1759. Below the glacis level were earlier soil levels containing extensive evidence of French occupation. Elsewhere, testing for proposed new signs revealed remains of a cobblestone-paved road surface which will not be disturbed. Also, testing occurred in an area near a Revolutionary War redoubt where future public campground development may occur.

1976 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 9, Number 4, December. 12 pp.[8-19].
Excavations focussed on the soldiers' barracks in the British fort,built in 1759 and burned in 1773. A trench along the rear wall for a new drain tile was excavated along three of the four barracks units. Evidence of the occupation of each of the three units was recovered, together with evidence of the 1773 fire. An addition behind one of the units may have been built in 1839, since there is evidence of 19th-century occupation also in that barracks unit. A rock drain, unfortunately, was installed along the rear wall in 1913. Artifacts include buttons of the 26th, 47th, and 60th Regiments. The 47th Regiment was at Crown Point in 1776, while the 26th was there at the time of the 1773 fire. Broken tips of bayonets may represent the destruction of military equipment by the British prior to American capture of the fort.

1978 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 11, Number 1, March. 12 pp.[25-36].
Extensive excavations occurred within a bastion of Fort St. Frédéric where a drain tile and wall stabilization is needed. A surprising amount of British material was recovered. Within the bastion was found a carefully constructed room with brick floor and wall that may have been a temporary British magazine built in 1759 or 1760.

1979 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 12, Number 2, June. 8 pp.[10-17].
The horizontal distribution of artifacts recovered from along the rear wall of the soldiers' barracks in the British fort is being analyzed, revealing information about the occupation of each of the adjacent units in the barracks. Behind the officers' barracks a corresponding deposit was sampled to facilitate a comparative study, but there were fewer artifacts than along the wall of the soldiers' barracks. Also, excavations near the Grenadiers' Redoubt, built in 1759, revealed remains of a trench cut across the point on which this Redoubt and an earlier fortified French windmill were built. The trench was apparently for a line of pickets or a stockade. The defensive trench may be of French origin, but pits nearby are evidently from Burgoyne's occupationin 1777. A new sewage filtration bed was constructed in the area following the excavations.

1980 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 13, Number 1, March. 5 pp.[19-23].
A faunal study of garbage bonesrecovered from along the rear wall of the soldiers' barracksin the British fort is underway. Field work in 1979 in the area southwest of Fort St. Frédéric revealed features that appear to be French in origin. French ceramics and the blade of a clasp knife were found. Farthest from the French fort was found the beginning of the glacis around the British fort.

Crockett, Walter Hill
1937 A History of Lake Champlain. McAuliffe Paper Co., Burlington, Vt. 320 pp., illus.
On Chimney Point the original block walls of Fortress Dupieux are still standing and are now enclosed by a thick veneer of brick taken from Fort St. Frédéric.

Fedory, Ed
1981 "Long Lost Outpost Unearthed! French and Indian War Relics Saved." Treasure Search. Volume 9, Number 1, February. 4 pp.[24-27].
A search for boundaries of the park at Crown Point preceded the excavation for artifacts in an area of pine forest. On the eastern face of a small hill, with the aid of a metal detector, musket balls, buckshot, mortar shell fragments, buckles, and buttons were uncovered. A goodly number of flattened musketballs were found which were fired at the men in the rifle pits. The amount and variety of relics indicated that it was the site of a French outpost of Fort St. Frédéric and that it had come under attack at least once. An expanded search area produced domestic artifacts: iron pot fragments, iron knife fragments, and pewter utensil handles. Another area, in a small pine grove, perhaps the site of a barracks or blockhouse, produced large hand wrought nails. A full scale excavation of the site was impossible, but fragments of Chinese porcelain and dark green glass wine bottle were found. A pipe stem marked MONTREAL was a historical appetizer indicating supplies for the fort had been sent south from colonial Montreal. [ Note: Pipe stems marked MONTREAL generally date from the 19th century and not from the colonial period.]

Feister, Lois M.
1976 Archeological Testing for New Electrical Line at the Museum Building, Crown Point State Historic Site, Crown Point, New York. Waterford, N.Y. December. l7 pp.

1984a "Building Materials Indicative of Status Differentiation at the Crown Point Barracks." Historical Archaeology. Volume 18, Number 1. 5 pp.[103-107].
Excavations revealed differences in flooring and fireplace construction material in the officers' and soldiers' barracks,with the more expensive material used in the officers' barracks. Selective use of building materials reinforced status differentiation between officers and soldiers.

1984b "Material Culture of the British Soldier at `His Majesty's Fort of Crown Point' on Lake Champlain, New York, 1759-1783." Journal of Field Archaeology. Volume 11, Number 2, Summer. 10 pp. [123-132].
Excavations behind the soldiers' barracks have revealed evidence of a material culture that was not only more complex than might be expected for soldiers stationed at a wilderness fort but was of a quality that previously had been assumed to be associated with officers.

1993 "Current Research: New York State." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 26, November. 2 pp.[13-14].
A washed-out portion of a bank below the remains of Fort St. Frédéric was excavated, revealing on the lake shore the remains of a hut that was apparently built by the British in 1759. Other excavations within the French fort revealed information about the condition of walls and revealed French occupation layers from the 1730s and 1740s. An Archaeology Day was held for the general public on a Sunday afternoon, attended by more than 300 people.

1994a "New York State: Current Research." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 29. October. 1 p.[7].
Excavations were conducted at the lakeshore bank near the French fort because of erosion by high water from the lake. Whereas features were found in 1993, French features were uncovered in 1994.

1994b "New York State Bureau of Historic Sites Summer Projects, 1994." New York Archaeological Council Newsletter. December. 2 pp.[2-3].
Reprint of Feister 1994a.

Feister, Lois M., and Paul R. Huey
1988 "Current Research: New York State." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 11, July. 2 pp.[4-5].
A staff person has been hired for the archeology unit to develop a program of public interpretation of field work conducted during the 1988 season, which will include work at Crown Point.

1991 A Survey of Earthen Fortifications of the French and Indian War Period. Waterford, N.Y. January. 20 pp.
Very early in the conflict, defined as extending from ca. 1690 to 1763, the French commenced building well-designed, sophisticated, expensive earthen fortifications. British defenses relied largely on small, simple forts built of stone or palisades as protective walled enclosures. Not until 1755, in response to a major French invasion of territory, did the British erect "regular" forts with earthen defenses designed to withstand artillery.

Fisher, Charles L.
1985 Style Wars in the Wilderness: A New Look at the Colonial Forts at Crown Point, New York. Paper prepared for the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting, Boston, January 10. 12 pp.
Material objects, by their dual nature, have an intended function and express ideas. Architecture, including military architecture, communicates a world view. The colonial fortifications at Crown Point were thus, in part, symbols that communicated information. While Fort St. Frédéric was clearly an impressive structure, its many problems as a fort were widely recognized. Its function was clearly to establish French control over the Champlain waterway, but it also demonstrated a role in communicating other, non-material aspects of culture. It reflected the ideology of the French in North America in extending the French occupation to the civilian sphere, in attracting Native Americans as allies, and in establishing a territorial claim.

1991 A Report on the 1977 Archaeological Test Excavations at Fort St. Frédéric, Crown Point State Historic Site, Essex County, New York. Waterford, N.Y. April. 54 pp.
Excavations in the southeast bastion prior to proposed disturbance for a new drainage system revealed a builders' wall trench as well as a brick-lined stone wall and a brick floor. Deposits from the French period appear to have a greater amount of refuse bone than later deposits. However, contexts identified as French may actually date from occupation, since presence or absence of creamware may be an unreliable indicator of a deposit's origin or dating. More extensive excavation and larger-sized samples will be necessary to establish distinctions between French and British deposits.

1992 Test Excavations in the State Camcground at Crown Point, 1992. Waterford, N.Y. October. 14 pp.
The excavations revealed that a large stone wall at the top of the bluff southwest of the lighthouse monument was built during the French occupation before 1759. A second wall extended at a right angle from it toward the lake, indicating that most of the remains of the structure may be already destroyed by erosion. Further excavations should be a priority in order to rescue remaining evidence.

1993a "...Obliged to live...on the outside of the Fort": A Report on the Soldiers' Huts Found During Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Maintenance Building Site, Crown Point State Historic Site, Essex County, New York. Waterford, N.Y. February. 89 pp., figures, photos.
The survey of the proposed maintenance building site began in 1985, when a single hut site was found. A second, adjoining area was tested in 1986, but no important features were found. In 1987 a third area was examined; another hut site was found. In 1988 a third hut site was found, but excavations were conducted only in the first two sites because of the anticipated impact of new construction. The huts were built for soldiers during construction of the British fortifications in 1759. The archeological data provide evidence of the material conditions of the soldiers as well as of social relationships. The huts of officers were separated from their troops spacially, and the orderly character of the camp reflects perhaps an increasingly professional or British attitude on the part of Provincials.

1993b Archeological Excavations at Crown Point, August 1993. Waterford, N.Y. November. 21 pp.
Excavations on the lakeshore at the beach level below Fort St. Frédéric indicate that a stone wall found previously may have been remains of a British hut or temporary guardhouse. Below the wallare strata representing French occupation. Other excavations within Fort St. Frédéric revealed the ground surface level of the interior of the fort during French occupation of the site.

1994 Archaeology of Provincial Officers' Huts at Crown Point State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. January. 28 pp., illus.
Remains of three structures were found at the proposed site of the maintenance building. They were temporary housing for soldiers during construction of the fortifications in 1759. The archeological data provide evidence of the material conditions of the soldiers as well as of social relationships. The huts of officers were separated from their troops spatially, and the orderly character of the camp reflects perhaps an increasingly professional or British attitude on the part of Provincials.

Fisher, Charles L., and Paul R. Huey
1994 Current Research and Future Directions in Archeology at the Bureau of Historic Sites. April. 24 pp.
When the State acquired Crown Point in 1910, the donor of the property required the ruins to be protected "from spoliation" and preserved in their present condition "for all time." Recent excavations in the barracks have since enabled a comparison of the architectural dimensions of military status. Outside the fort, excavations based on the results of remote sensing surveys have revealed the remains of provincial soldiers' huts,and the artifacts have been studied in terms of their social meaning in the relationships between officers and soldiers and between professionals (Europeans) and amateurs (provincials). Underwater surveys have also been commenced, and a long-term research program on the French occupation has been initiated.

Fortiner, Virgina
1962 Archaeology as a Hobby. C.S. Hammond and Company, Maplewood, N.J. 47 pp.
Teenagers made a significant contribution in excavating at Crown Point. Boy Scouts and others participated in a five-year project which culminated in the purchase and restoration of the site by experts.

Frink, Douglas S.
1990 Chimney Point State Historic Site: Archaeological Evaluations for Underground Utilities and Septic System. Essex Junction, Vt. March. 82 pp.
The installation of a new sewer system at the Chimney Point Tavern site required archeological excavations. Prehistoric remains date from the Laurentian phase of the Late Archaic through the Late Woodland periods, with the greatest concentration during the end of the Late Archaic and into the Early Woodland periods. In one project area two stone foundations were discovered north of the Tavern, and the proposed sewerline trench was re-routed around them. A stone-paved floor was also found, and iron slag, ore, coal, and hand-wrought nails were found nearby. Artifacts include 43 flint flakes and gun flints, 30 pipe stem and bowl fragments, six lead bullets, three coins, and other objects. Redware was the predominant ceramic type (83%). In another project area were revealed artifacts from a structure that once stood northeast of the Tavern, with a mean ceramic date of 1842. It is possible the structure was built between the 1790s and the 1820s, based on hand-wrought and machine-cut nails. Slightly more than half the ceramic fragments from this site were lead-glazed redware.

Furness, Gregory, and Timothy Titus
1985 Master Plan for Crown Point State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. December. 82 pp.
Scientifically controlled archeological research at Crown Point began in 1975 with the Bureau of Historic Sites. Previously there had been extensive digging for relics. Digging between 1910 and 1940 in conjunction with initial preservation/restoration work and in 1968 at Fort St. Frédéric and the Light Infantry Redoubt are incompletely recorded and were destructive. Other excavations occurred in the 1950s in the British village site. Since 1975 excavations have been conducted to mitigate the adverse impact of new construction and to conduct test surveys for research. Archeological base maps have been prepared. Information from rescue excavations as well as from other research projects are incorporated into interpretive programming.

Gilkerson, William
1991 Boarders Away: With Steel -- Edged Weapons & Polearms. Andrew Mowbray, Inc., Old Louisquisset Pike, Lincoln, R.I. 168 pp.
An 18th-century British tomahawk-style iron boarding axe head excavated at Crown Point, dating before 1773, is the earliest known datable specimen. Its pick is chamfered (bevelled), perhaps denoting a very early date if not a variation created by an individual smith. It is unknown whether this axe was made in America or in England.

1993 Boarders Away II: With Fire -- Small Firearms & Combustibles. Andrew Mowbray, Inc., Old Louisquisset Pike, Lincoln, R.I. 331 pp.
A Frenchwrought ironbreech-loading swivel gun excavated at Crown Point is similar to a wrought-iron pierrier illustrated in a French naval document dated 1690. By 1690, however, most guns of this style were of cast brass. The gun found at Crown Point is nearly indistinguishable from its 15th-century ancestors. It is 55 inches long with a 2-inch bore and weighs about 200 pounds. It was one of a number of such guns that were at Fort St. Frédéric after 1738. Its stanchion with original iron collar and crown strap was probably mounted on the fort's ramparts but is of the same style as used on ships.

Goring, Rich
1980 "European Ceramicsin 17th and 18th Century New York." The Bulletin and Journal of Archaeology for New York State. Double Issue, Numbers 80 and 81, Fall 1980 - Spring 1981. 18 pp.[1-18].
Illustrates a pearlware footring sherd from an early 19th-century deposit behind the soldiers' barracks; also three sherds of decorated English delftware from behind the soldiers' barracks, built in 1759 and burned in 1773. Two of the sherds are blue-decorated; the third is decorated in "Fazackerly" colors.

Grumet, Robert S.
1992 Historic Contact: Early Relations Between Indians and

Colonists in Northeastern North America, 1524-1783. Final Draft. Cultural Resources Planning Branch, Archeological Assistance Division, Mid-Atlantic Region, National Park Service, Philadelphia. 435 pp.
Fort St.Frédéric is one of five archeological sites associated with French-Indian contact in the North Atlantic region and one of six in the Trans-Atlantic region. Crown Point is also one of 30 sites in the North Atlantic region and one of 20 sites in the Trans-Appalachian region associated with British-Indian contact.

Gukelberger, Todd
1992 A Historical and Archaeological Survey of the French and British Fortifications at Crown Point, New York. Anthropology Department, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, N.Y. Fall. 42 pp., illus.
The various aspects of architectural and archeological remains at Crown Point can be used to compare and contrast French and British military culture on the New York frontier in the 18th century. Since 1910 when the State acquired Crown Point, it has been interpreted as an historic site. Excavations have been conducted behind the soldiers' barracks in the British fort.

Hagerty, Gilbert W.
1963 "The Iron Trade-Knife in Oneida Territory." Pennsylvania Archaeologist. Volume XXXIII, Nos. 1-2, July. 22 pp.[93-114].
A knife blade (Type P) 8 inches long was excavated from a house site in the village outside the British fort,and a handle of another knife of the same size was also found. On the knife are stamped the last letters of two words: "...ONT/...NON." Other knives,including three pocket knives, were also found at the site. [Note: The illustration of a folding knife, designated Type M in Figure 6, is incorrectly identified as a specimen from Fort Ligonier when actually this knife was excavated from the Crown Point village site.]

1984 "Crown Point's Secret." Adirondack Bits `n Pieces. Volume 1, Number 3, Spring/Summer. 6 pp.[15-20].
In 1958 permission was given to the author to conduct further archeological work in the village site area following the completion of field work by a museum group at a site close by. In a low stone foundation three or four musket balls were found in a corner in a layer of burned soil. Further excavation revealed more and more, until enough musket balls were found to fill a 12-quart bucket. The musket balls had been secretly buried in the clay floor. Associated ceramics included blue decorated delft, creamware,and scratch-blue white salt-glazed stoneware cup fragments. Glassware included wineglass stems and wine bottle fragments. An iron knife and a pewter spoon handle stamped with the figure of a griffin encircled by the name "Grenfill" were also found. Some of the clay pipes had the mark of Robert Tippet. Pieces of iron barrel hoops, an ice creeper, a conical iron butt tip, large and small padlocks, iron hooks, hinges, a bell clapper, nails, melted glass, brass parts from Brown Bess muskets(one a brass escutcheon plate marked for the 17th Regiment), sheet lead, a file, looped wire gun picks, and buttons (one of the 67th Regiment) were found. It is probable the musket balls were among the goods looted from the armory in the British fort following the fire and explosion in 1773. Their sizes varied from a half ounce to an ounce, indicating they were made for civilian use. Many had untrimmed sprues remaining. The site where they were found was a village house burned in 1776.

Harrington, Faith
1988 "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 21, Number 3, October. 3 pp.[19-21].
Three major projects were continued. First, rescue excavations in advance of proposed maintenance building construction revealed remains of three military huts of the colonial period. Second, in the British fortress built in 1759 excavations were completed in the slumped earthen rampart to record a soil profile and to locate the original stone revetment that faced the moat. Third, in Fort St. Frédéric testing revealed stratified deposits on the site of a structure indicated on a 1752 map.

Hemenway, Abby Maria, editor
1867 The Vermont Historical Gazetteer. Volume I. Published by Miss A.M. Hemenway, Burlington, Vt. 1107 pp.
On the farm of J.N. Smith, in cutting down a very old and large tree, a stone was found embedded near the heart that probably had been placed there 150 years before. In 1730 there were two islands in the lake opposite Chimney Point, one directly west and the other near Hospital Creek, which the French called Isles aux Boiteux. All trace of these islands has long since vanished. Many of the old embankments of the French fort on Chimney Point are still visible. In the ten years before 1759, French settlements were extended north from Crown Point and Chimney Point some 4 miles. The remains of old cellars and gardens still to be seen show a more thickly settled street than occupies it now.

Hill, Henry Wayland
1913 The Champlain Tercentenary: Final Report of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission. J.B. Lyon Company, State Printers, Albany. 325 pp.
Mrs. Annie E. Witherbee has directed exploration of the ruins of Fort St.Frédéric and has made discoveries that may lead to the rewriting of a description of both the French and the English forts. In the French fort she has found the ovens and oven doors, candlesticks, snuffers, glassware, and blue and white ceramics. She has also found the underground drain leading from the English fort, built of stone 2. feet high and 20 inches in width. It is in perfect condition and rests on solid rock. She has opened up the forge and has found a guncarriage, chairs, knives, spades, ironbars, bolts, and other objects. A glacial mill containing spherical stones was found that is 14 feet, 7 inches in depth. Mrs. Witherbee is also collecting books, documents,and records and plans to continue her research. She is married to Walter C. Witherbee.

Holden, James A.
1916 "Crown Point Reservation." Proceedings of the New York

State Historical Association. Volume XV. Published by the New York State Historical Association, n.p. 3 pp.[30-32].
It is recommended that the underground passage of Fort St.Frédéric be cleared out. The report by B. A. Pyrke dated September 23, 1915, notes that the remains of a sloop recovered from a bay by the owner of the adjoining farm have been acquired in return for the cost of reclaiming the hull and are now on permanent exhibit.

Howard, David Sanctuary
1984 New York and the China Trade. The New-York Historical Society, New York. 142 pp.
The discovery of porcelain sherds adjacent to the enlisted men's barracks is surprising, compared to the relative absence of porcelain in the officers' barracks trash.

Hopkins, Arthur S.
1962 "Old Fort St. Frederic - French Relic At Crown Point." The Conservationist. August-September. 3 pp. [13-15].
For the past 30 years the State has not permitted excavations at Fort St.Frédéric. Many important and interesting artifacts still lie buried and await recovery from the outer works of the fort. The time has come to make it possible for Fort St. Frédéric to rise from its ruins.

Huey, Paul R.
1959a New Discoveries at Crown Point, N.Y. Rensselaer County Junior Museum, Troy, N.Y. 33 pp., illus.
A group of Explorer Scouts from Nassau, N.Y., followed by Education Adventures, a teenage work group, conducted excavations from November 1955 until October 1958 at a site in the village near the British fort. Two distinct stratigraphic levels of artifacts were distinguished. A terrace or walk of stone pavement was discovered along the east side of the structure. A single large flat stone in the walk was probably in front of the door. Careful records of the excavation were kept, and locations of features and artifacts were related to grid systems. The site may have been occupied by a prosperous family including an individual associated with the medical profession and connected with the British Army. The site might have been Thomas Sparham's apothecary shop, while his home may have been the site next door, excavated by others.

1959b The Colonial English Village at Crown Point. Columbia High School College English, East Greenbush, N.Y. 40 pp.
Rediscovery of the village site occurred in 1955, and the site was assumed to be the remains of the French village. In fact, Rogers' Rangers destroyed a small French village at or near this location on February 3, 1756. Excavations, however, revealed a number of objects that were not French. A British map after 1759 shows a "Market Place" there, and it is probable that sutlers who arrived with the British Army built huts and developed the market late in 1759 and in 1760 on the site of the former French village. Hut sites excavated in 1959 by Roland Robbins along the limestone ridge above the village site are of uncertain origin. One theory is that they are the huts that were burned in the winter of 1760-61 by Major Skene after small pox victims were moved from them. Another theory is that the huts were used by the Americans in 1776 because they were too disorganized to have been British. The excavation of a site in the village area suggests wealth and prosperity as well as a connection with the practice of medicine, perhaps by Thomas Sparham. The village was set on fire in October 1776 as the Americans retreated from Crown Point. British troops at Crown Point in 1780 were building huts in which to live, and houses at Crown Point as late as 1798 were described as "mere hovels."

1962 English Artifacts and Architecture at Colonial Crown Point. History Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, N.Y. April. 33 pp.
Excavations at the village site revealed remains of a colonial English village, as separate from the previous French village on the same location. It was evidently a market place at which sutlers were illegally selling liquor to the soldiers in 1760. The village was occupied mostly by sutlers as well as "small traders" as late as 1767. Other inhabitants such as Adolphus Benzel and Dr. Thomas Sparham were wealthy and prosperous but lost everything when the village was destroyed in 1776. The artifacts from a site in the village include fine white salt-glazed stoneware, which is especially common. Delft is also quite common. Most of the glassware consists of broken rum bottles, but an air twist wine glass stem of knopped type and a simple twist may date before 1750. A cotton twist stem was found on the sandy beach, away from the village area. Clay tobacco pipes are most commonly R TIPPET pipes made in Bristol. Pipes marked TD may have been made by Thomas Dennies of Bristol. A button of the 60th Regiment would date from after 1767. Other artifacts include gun parts, an ice creeper, hooks and eyes, and buckles. The plan of the structure may have been consistent with the design of a common English "small farmhouse" of the 1750s.

1969 Handbook of Historical Artifacts. Heldeberg Workshop, Inc., Voorheesville, N.Y. 65 pp.
Illustrates a complete scratch-blue white salt-glazed stoneware cup and fragments white salt-glazed stoneware plates with molded rims excavated from the English village site.

1975 An Historical Archeological Interpretation of the British Fort at Crown Point. Albany, N.Y. March. 16 pp.
The competition between the French and English over trade and economic advantage is represented by the industrial growth and development of England and the increasing ability of the English to produce manufactured goods of all kinds in great quantity. Crown Point, as a French outpost to regulate trade, threatened English settlements. After the French were driven from Crown Point, English settlements to the south were secure and could thrive. Artifacts excavated from English sites at Crown Point are typical of the rich English material culture of the 18th century. Each unit of the new British barracks at Crown Point was a single two-story English Georgian house with central hallway. It is a priority now to preserve the material evidence of colonial English culture at Crown Point through the continuous repair and maintenance of the stone walls and ruins, while the other historic landscape and archeological resources are equally fragile, delicate, and non-renewable.

1976a Historical Archeology at Crown Point, 1976. Waterford, N.Y. July. 2 pp.

1976b Historical Archeology at Crown Point State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. October. 7 pp.
Concern for the preservation of the ruins was expressed as early as 1839, but many sites were lost later in the 19th century. The State agreed to protect the site with its acquisition in 1910, but much archeological information was also lost during subsequent repairs and development. In 1975 excavations included test surveys and rescue excavations prior to new museum construction, revealing evidence of French occupation as well as of the glacis of the British fort.

1976c Historical Archeology at New York State Historic Sites. Waterford, N.Y. October. 6 pp.
A test pit at the location of proposed new museum construction revealed remains of a stone glacis in the fourth soil stratum below ground surface. Evidence of French as well as British occupation was found.

1976d Testing for New Signs at Crown Point, August 1976. Waterford, N.Y. November. 14 pp.

1978a Preliminary Analysis of Some of the Unassociated Material from a Vandalized Site at Crown Point near the Pyrke Road. Waterford, N.Y. July. 4 pp.

1978b Preliminary Reporton Rescue Excavations Near the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse and Site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt at Crown Point, 1978. Waterford, N.Y. October. 15 pp.
Testing and more extensive excavation at the location of a new sewage filtration bed and lift station was completed near the site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt, built in 1759 on a point where a fortified French windmill had stood previously. Evidence of prehistoric occupation during the Archaic and the Late Woodland periods was found. Also, remains of an historic defensive trench across the point were found but have not been identified from historic documents. The trench may have been built by the French before 1759. The presence of buttons of the 20th and 62nd Regiments, both of which were with Burgoyne at Crown Point in 1777, suggest occupation of this site at that time. Although Burgoyne's main depot of supplies was directly across the lake on Chimney Point, the site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt may have been a temporary supply depot or may have been occupied by some of the troops left behind to guard the supplies at Chimney Point.

1979a Historical Archeology Unit Research Plan, Historic Sites Bureau, Division for Historic Preservation. Waterford, N.Y. May. 46 pp.
Careful study of material from French deposits at sites such as Crown Point may reveal insight into the commercial nature of the British-French conflict in North America. From archeological evidence the relative amounts of identifiable French and English material at different French sites can be quantified. It may be possible to distinguish not only the degree of reliance on trade from the English colonies but also on goods produced in Canada rather than upon imported European goods, whether of English or French origin.

1979b Animal Husbandry and Meat Consumption at Crown Point, New York, in the Colonial Period and Revolutionary War. Waterford, N.Y. October. 64 pp.,maps.
The study of the development of animal husbandry in the Champlain Valley and its relation to diet and to consumption of fish and wild game has been largely neglected for this early historical period. The history of this development should be used as a model that may be tested, refined, or supplemented with archeological data. Analysis of faunal remains that could be archeologically sampled from domestic and military sites at or near Crown Point is needed, together with the study of faunal remains already excavated. The French by 1740 had established herds of horses and cattle at Crown Point to supply fresh meat, but many were killed during the raids of 1756. The British brought many cattle as well as sheep in 1759 and 1760. The British commander after 1772 attempted to establish a permanent herd of cattle, but the livestock owned by soldiers and inhabitants were lost in 1776. Americans as well as troops relied heavily on confiscated livestock as well as wild game during the Revolution. Over-hunting of wild game, particularly deer, caused a shortage of that source of food throughout the colony, requiring legislation to regulate hunting.

1984 "Old Slip and Cruger's Wharf at New York: An Archaeological Perspective of the Colonial American Waterfront." Historical Archaeology. Volume 18, Number 1. 23 pp.[15-37].
A Chinese porcelain bowl from Old Slip is of the same unique pattern as fragments found in Fort St. Frédéric and at other sites in the Hudson Valley and in Africa.

1986 "The Beginnings of Modern Historical Archaeology in the Northeast and the Origins of the Conference on Northeast Historical Archaeology." Northeast Historical Archaeology. Volume 15. 14 pp.[2-15].
Excavations were begun in the French village site in 1955 by the owner-developer. A detailed plan of the site was surveyed in July 1957.

1987 "Archeology and Historic Preservation." Preservation League of New York State Newsletter. Volume 13, Number 1. 1p.[4].
Testing along the route of a proposed water line consisted of small test units excavated at regular intervals. Rescue excavation will occur at the location of any historically significant feature around which the water line cannot be rerouted. Test excavations at the site of a proposed new maintenance building include a test trench excavated across the chimney mound of a French and Indian War hut site.

1989 The History and Archeology of Crown Point. Waterford, N.Y. October. 24 pp.

1990a Archeological Research at Old Slip, Manhattan. Waterford,

N.Y. 6 pp. [Paper presented April 7 at a meeting of the Professional Archaeologists of New York City at the Museum of the City of New York.]
Fragments of porcelain from Fort St.Frédéric are of the same pattern and form as a blue-decorated bowl from level II at the Old Slip site, dating about 1740 to 1765. Examples of identical porcelain bowls have been found in Kenya in eastern Africa,at Cape Town in South Africa, at the Spanish site of Tubac in Arizona, and at the Requa site in Westchester County. This type of porcelain may be evidence of an early to mid-18th century trade pattern that included Africa and non-English colonies elsewhere.

1990b "The History and Archaeology of Crown Point." Fortress: The Castles and Fortifications Quarterly. Issue No. 5, May. 11 pp.[44-54].
Recent research on the British and French occupation of Crown Point reveals details of 18th-century military life. Preservation of the ruins of the forts creates immense problems. Archeological test surveys of colonial as well as Revolutionary War period sites have continued since 1975. Rescue excavations have also been conducted and have yielded valuable information.

1990c The Baker Farm at Crown Point State Historic Site, Crown Point, New York. Waterford, N.Y. September. 6 pp.
From 1957 to 1959 a group of young people conducting archeological excavations in the village site each summer lived in the old Baker farm house. The east end of the house was a woodshed built with hand wrought nails, and it might have been Robert Cochran's house. The middle part of the house might have been built in the 1820s, and the west part might have dated between 1840 and 1860. The earliest of the old barns still standing near the site of the farmhouse may have been built shortly after 1839, when the farm was sold to William H. Baker,Allen Penfield,and Charles F. and John C. Hammond. In one area a limekiln and foundations of buildings on the farm are from a small industrial complex dating from the 1870s. The article published in 1852 by the New York State Agricultural Society describes the visible evidence of a prosperous colonial settlement on the farm. There are many similarities between this site and the sites of abandoned villages in England as described by W. G. Hoskins. In England, most deserted village sites are also represented by a solitary farmhouse standing nearby. At Crown Point the historic old barns that are still standing form an integral part of the historic landscape of the abandoned Crown Point village site. Perhaps no historic landscape in North America more similar to an abandoned village site in England can be found.

1993 "An Iron Shoe Buckle from Crown Point." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 26, November. 1p.[7].
The shoebuckle, found in excavations in June 1993 near Fort St. Frédéric, has a single-toothed chape and tongue. Identical examples have been found at Fort Michilimackinac. Other examples made of pewter and of copper alloy have been found in 18th-century Dutch and English sites from before 1750 to the Revolution.

1994 "Dot and Circle" Underglaze Blue-decorated Porcelain Bowls from China: Their Archeological Distribution as Evidence of a Marketing and Trade Pattern. Waterford, N.Y. 19 pp. [Paper to be presented January 6, 1995, at the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Washington,D.C.]
Porcelain cup sherds with a distinctive rim pattern found in Fort St.Frédéric have the same pattern as examples found at Old Slip in New York City and at the Requa site in Westchester County, but other examples have also appeared in French sites such as Louisbourg, Fort Beauséjour,and Place Royale in Québec.The French may have acquired it in tradein the Indian Ocean area by way of the French colony on Mauritius. Other examples have been found at Tubac, Arizona, at Mombasa, Kenya, in Cape Town, South Africa, and in Aden.

Huey, Paul, and Lois Feister
1982 Archeology at Crown Point, 1982. Waterford, N.Y. July. 6 pp.

1988 "New York State: Current Research." Council for Northeast

Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 12. November. 2 pp.[7-8].
Rescue excavations in advance of construction of a new maintenance building revealed remains of probably three French and Indian War period military huts, dating from 1759 and 1760. Within the British fort excavations were also conducted in the slumped earthen ramparts to locate the original stone revetment facing the moat, as well as the wall of the stone casemate which faced the interior parade ground. Testing within Fort St. Frédéric meanwhile revealed sequences of strata on the site of a structure shown on a 1752 map.

Huey, Paul R., and Joseph E. McEvoy
1993 Excavations at Crown Point Near Fort St.Frédéric, June 1-2, 1993. Waterford, N.Y. August. 9 pp., plan, illus.
High water has left the bluff northwest of Fort St. Frédéric eroded and collapsing. Exposed strata were measured, recorded, and sampled for artifacts. A Micmac pipe inscribed and dated 1755 was found on the lake shore in front of the bluff. An iron shoe buckle perhaps of Frenc horigin and French faience and utility wares were found. A structure at the site might have been a French guard house or other facility for visitors arriving at Fort St. Frédéric. The bluff should be stabilized with heavy rock as soon a possible to prevent further loss.

Ismay, Louis F.
1959 "Yorkers at Crown Point." The Yorker. Volume XVIII, Number 1, September-October. 4 pp.[4-7].
For the past several years a small group of teenagers has been excavating and interpreting a site. They have carried out all phases of work normally associated with an historic site archeological excavation. An interpretive report has been published on their excavation of a building with cellar, paved terrace, and chimney ruin. They have worked during both long and short vacations from school, at all seasons of the year, and have shared the chores associated with camping or occupying living quarters under difficult conditions.

Kellogg, David S.
1970 A Doctor at All Hours: The Private Journal of a Small-Town Doctor's Varied Life, 1886-1909 edited by Allan S. Everest. The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, Vt. 232 pp.
In August 1886 a family living near the forts had a large collection of artifacts from their vicinity, including nails, spoons, keys, bullets, and a cannonball. They also had two iron icecreepers (illustrated with a sketch). The third barracks in the British fort was almost entirely gone and had been demolished, it was said, some 15 years earlier to provide stone for railroad construction.

Kravic, Frank J.
1971 "Colonial Crown Point and its Artifacts." Northeast Historical Archaeology. Volume 1, Number 1, Spring. 2 pp.[20-21].

Lonergan, Carroll Vincent
1941 The Northern Gateway: A History of Lake Champlain. Copyright 1939, Second printing. n.p.
The walls of the British fort were covered with sod and planted with grass and vines, probably to make the impregnable against artillery fire. [ Note: The grass and vines have grown on the walls of the fort only after the earth slumped as the timbers burned during the great fire that destroyed the fort in 1773.]

Lossing, Benson J.
1855 The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution. Volume I. Harper Brothers, Franklin Square, New York. 783 pp.
The ruins at Crown Point are much better preserved than those at Ticonderoga. The present owner will not allow a stone to be removed. Mr. Baker, an aged resident and farmer on Crown Point, gave a guided tour of the site, including remains of the bomb-proof covered way, oven, and magazine in Fort St.Frédéric. Looking across the lake from Chimney Point the ruins of the barracks and of Mr. Baker's dwellings and outhouses are first visible. Of the four barracks in the fort, one is entirely removed, another is almost demolished, and the other two have quite perfect walls. One of them was roofed and inhabited until within two or three years. There are carved inscriptions on a barracks wall. The well is nearly 8 feet in diameter and 90 feet deep. The rubbish in the well was cleared out by a stock company of fifty men who hoped to find treasure. When the well was cleared and drained only iron nails, spikes, bolts, axes, shovels, etc., were found at the bottom. Digging for treasure has continued within the fort,and in 1844 an elderly man came to the fort and with two other men began to dig. Mr. Baker ordered them away, but they dug quite a deep hole and evidently found something.

Matejka, Gail Klimcovitz
1977 Crown Point State Historic Site Archeological Testing, Interpretive Signs: 1975 and 1976. Waterford, N.Y. February. 13 pp., plans.

Mather, Frederic Gregory
1913 The Refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut. J.B. Lyon Company, Printers, Albany, N.Y. 1204 pp. [Reprinted 1972 by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore.]
Modern surveys of Amherst's fort do not correlate with an old map of the fort in 1759. The East and South Barracks remain (south of the well), and the West Barracks are where the map shows the entrance and drawbridge. [Note: Mather was confused in his interpretation of the physical remains of the fort. The "well" bastion on his map is actually the flag bastion,and his "East Barracks" are actually the soldiers' barracks and not the officers' barracks.] On another map are, besides a line of three light infantry forts and a redoubt at the lighthouse, four other redoubts connected with Amherst's fort. Illustrates a stone inscribed GR with an arrow and the date 1759.

Miller, Howard
1982 "New Windsor Cantonment Visitor Center Opens." DHP News. Number 12, Summer. 1 p.[4].
An exhibit of 18th-century artillery includes, of particular interest, an early French breech loading gun excavated at Crown Point.

Miller, P. Schuyler, editor
1943 Catalogue of the Robert M. Hartley Collections of Indian Artifacts (Chiefly of the Mohawk Valley) and Military Uniform Buttons. Published by Mrs. Robert M. Hartley, Fort Plain, N.Y. 76 pp.
Buttons of the 20th and 47th Regiments as well as gun flints, musket balls, and other artifacts were found in September 1908 by Robert M. Hartley and William L. Calver. They also discovered the actual compass which Burgoyne had lost about a mile up the lake from the fort. In 1936 Hartley found a 42nd Regiment button in the British fort.

Murray, W.H.H.
1890 Lake Champlain and Its Shores. Wolfe, Fiske & Co., 365 Washington Street, Boston. 265 pp.
For many rods it is evident the shores of Bulwagga Bay have been graded and artificially sloped to the water. There are signs of ancient fences and enclosures such as gardens and door-yards. In some enclosures were aged fruit trees within the memory of present owners. An old street can be traced made of broken stone, and ancient cellars, some cut from the solid rock, still line this street. There is a worn flag stone sidewalk still to be seen. There are two large graveyards. The population of Crown Point may have been not less than 5000. The barracks still partly remain, and the great bakery is well preserved. On the walls are names and inscriptions. Sheep feed on the grassy rampart.

Parker, Arthur C.
1922 The Archeological History of New York. Part 2. The University of the State of New York, Albany. 272 pp.[471-743].
A small camp site and other traces of Indian occupation are near the railroad south of Crown Point on the lake shore.

Porsche, Audrey
1994 "Chimney Point Interprets Native American Prehistory to Schools." Archeology & Vermont Education. Volume 1, May. 1 p.[2].
Chimney Point State Historic Site in Vermont offers school programs including "hands-on" activities using study collections. During Vermont Archeology Week in 1994 a special archeology exhibit will be opened at the site, and later an exhibiton the Abenaki will open.

Pyrke, Berne A.
1919 Reporton Crown Point Reservation. Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association. Volume XVII. Published by the New York State Historical Association, n.p. 2 pp.[30-31].
During the summer of 1918 the well in the British fort was cleared out, a project started two years previous. Nearly 50 feet of debris was removed, but there was nothing of historical value. Work was started in September in Fort St.Frédéric. In a passage between an inner and an outer wall a pile of 60 cannonballs was found. Under the inner wall is an opening into a large room below that is filled with debris.

Redford, Kenneth S.
1977 "Comments on the New Museum at Crown Point." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 18. 1p.[1].
Illustrates various keys found during the 1958-1959 dig at Crown Point. It is good that the State is giving more attention to Crown Point. The audio-visual presentation is appropriate, but there should be more displays to provide an understanding of life in the past at Crown Point. There is now twice as much space but half as many displays. More artifacts should be shown in order to inspire the imagination.

1978 "Archaeological Report." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 19. 1p.[2].
Excavations for drain tile and wall stabilization in a bastion of Fort St.Frédéric and for a drain tile behind the soldiers' barracks in the British fort are described in the Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter.

1979 "For the Archaeological Record." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 20. 2 pp.[1-2].
In the summer of 1978 test and rescue excavations were conducted near the lighthouse for a new sewage filter bed. Evidence of prehistoric Indian occupation included fire-cracked rock, a Brewerton point, and a Levanna point. Evidence of a colonial trench was found running across the point, perhaps dug by the French to defend the windmill that stood on the point. Also found were buttons of the British 20th and 62nd Regiments, both of which came to Crown Point with Burgoyne in 1777.

1980 "Progress on Artifacts." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 21, August. 2 pp.[1-2].
A full-time conservator has been hired at Peebles Island, and work is now underway on Crown Point artifacts. Student interns have washed and numbered pipe stems, ceramics, and glass, and the fancy iron hardware from Fort St.Frédéric is being treated. Most of the iron is in very poor condition. It is hoped to conserve enough to form an exhibit at Crown Point. Illustrates two iron hinges, one from the Citadel Moat, Level II, Area B (1968), Conservation No. 148.

1981 "Foundation Artifacts Moved." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 22, October. 1 p.[3].
Gil Barker has moved the Foundation's artifacts, which were stored in Ironville, to the Adirondack Center Museum in Elizabethtown. These artifacts are mostly from the 1959 excavation of a series of hut sites along the southern edge of the ridge between the English fort and Gage's Redoubt.

1982 "Archaeological Note." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 23, July. 1p.[4].
Test digging this summer will concentrate on the barracks in the English fort; within the barracks rooms, the floor will be tested to determine if there is evidence of the occupants' diet, equipment, or other material.

1983 "Archaeological Activity." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 24, July. 1p.[3].
An article in Historical Archaeology, Volume 18, explains the archeological evidence of differences in construction between the officers' and soldiers' barracks.

1984 "Archaeological Digs Continue." Crown Point Foundation Newsletter, Number 25, August. 1p.[1].
During June, testing was conducted along the eroding shoreline east of the Bridge. Plans to reinforce the bank to stop the erosion will require disturbance by heavy equipment. Also, west of the Bridge, testing was conducted at or near the summer house site in front of the English fort.

Reid, W. Max
1910 Lake George and Lake Champlain. The Knickerbocker Press, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London. 399 pp., illus.
Tall pines and other evergreen trees have sprung up on the embankments of the two old fortresses, visited in July 1909. An undecipherable inscription on the crumbling walls of Fort St. Frédéric bears the date 1731. From Fort St. Frédéric the entrance to the lake is marked by a passageway about 10 feet wide and 10 feet high cut out of solid rock. From the Amherst dock a road can be traced that intersects with a road to the main gate of Fort Amherst. [Note: "Fort Amherst" is not a historically correct name for the British fortress.] In Fort Amherst in the north bastion is a well 90 feet deep, now well preserved by a fence and hidden by dense shrubbery. From this bastion a stone-covered way leading to the lake is plainly visible where it crosses the moat. The remains of houses are marked here and there outside the walls of the forts by cellars and collapsed stone walls. These cellar holes are scattered along the lake shore near Fort St.Frédéric. The embankment of Fort Amherst is covered with dull green grass whose roots are interwoven in a manner that seems indestructible.

1911 "Rock Inscription at the Ruins of Old Fort St. Frederick at Crown Point." Proceedings of the NewYork State Historical Association. Volume X. Published by the New York State Historical Association, n.p. 6 pp., illus. [108-1113].
The State Historian was asked to examine a rock inscription on the north curtain wall of Fort St. Frédéric. The inscription in three lines records the presence of "Dagneaux at Saint Frédéric" on August 15, 1730, which is the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Dagneaux was apparently Michel Dagneaux, Sieurde Douville, and it was apparently he who was the officer sent with thirty men in 1730 to Lake Champlain by Governor Beauharnois to drive away some Albany traders who had come there to trade with the Indians.

Richards, Frederick A.
1912 "Semi-Annual Meeting of Trustees, March 15, 1912." Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association. Volume XI. Published by the New York State Historical Association, n.p. 22 pp.[25-46].
F.B. Ware, State Architect, in a letter dated November 13, 1911, suggests that the underground passage way from the British fort to the lake should be excavated and explored because probably a mine of valuable colonial relics will be discovered buried in it. The estimated cost for the work is $500. Inside the fort the well, said to be 90 feet deep, should be cleaned out and fenced, at an estimated cost of $500.

Rick, Anne Meachem
1980 Behind the Barracks: Analysis of Animal Remains from the Rear of the Soldiers' Barracks, Crown Point State Historic Site, New York. August. 59 pp., appendices.

Robbins,Roland Wells, and Evan Jones
1959 Hidden America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 272 pp.
Amateurs digging at Crown Point under supervision have unearthed many relics. Surveys indicate the area includes sites of two outpost forts, two burial grounds, a trading post, escape tunnels, a market place, and a lime kiln. Teenagers in recent summers have found both French and English military artifacts, as well as an apothecary's measure lost in 1776. Preliminary digging has promised a bonanza of relics at this site.

Roenke, Karl
1979 Field Reporton the 1979 Archaeological Excavations at Crown Point State Historic Site (Fort St. Frederic), Town of Crown Point, Essex County, New York. Waterford, N.Y. September. 43 pp.
Excavations in 1979 near the exterior walls of Fort St.Frédéric were undertaken to provide more information about French and subsequent British use of the area. There may be evidence of the extent to which the French attempted to strengthen the defense of Crown Point prior to British capture in 1759. An undisturbed French occupation stratum was found, in addition to evidence of a possible trench built by the French connecting Fort St.Frédéric with a redoubt to the southwest. Possible evidence of the British glacis was also found. Artifacts included the blade of a French folding clasp knife.

Rolando, Victor R.
1992 200 Years of Soot and Sweat: The History and Archeology of Vermont's Iron, Charcoal, and Lime Industries. Vermont Archaeological Society, Manchester Center, Vt. 302 pp.
The ruins of the lime kiln are in an open field. Remains of the railroad that ran across the shallow bay to Port Henry are still visible, as are remains of the charging ramp that led to the top of the kiln just uphill from the ruins.

Romeo,Jene C.
1994 "Military Foodways and the Difficulty of Provisioning Troops in the Eighteenth Century." Archaeology of the French & Indian War: Military Sites of the Hudson River, Lake George, and Lake Champlain Corridor edited by David R. Starbuck. Adirondack Community College, Queensbury, N.Y. 5 pp.[49-53].
A comparison of the evidence of faunal remains excavated at Crown Point, Fort Edward, and Mount Independence helps illuminate military foodway patterns. Cow, pig, and sheep dominate the faunal remains from all three sites. Only at Crown Point, however, did pigs tend to predominate slightly over cows. Pigs were raised locally, while cattle and sheep from as far away as New England were driven to Crown Point. Fish form a large part of the wild faunal record at Crown Point and Mount Independence but not at Fort Edward.

Rossen, Jack
1994 The Archeology on the Farm Project, Improving Cultural Resource Protection on Agricultural Lands: A Vermont Example edited by Giovanna Peebles. Lake Champlain Management Conference, Montpelier. 126 pp.
A controlled surface collection was conducted at Chimney Point adjacent to the museum. The field contained many significant objects, despite having been picked over by collectors for many years. The evidence suggests that intact sub-plowzone prehistoric features such as hearths, housefloors, and activity areas exist. Because of the field slope, the plowzone is dynamic, and the plowing of this state-owned land should stop because of continuing damage to the archeological remains. Unlike the prehistoric artifacts, historic artifacts appear to be randomly distributed.

Saunders, Charles W.
1924 "Crown Point Reservation." Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association. Volume XXII. Published by the New York State Historical Association, n.p. 3 pp.[15-17].
A breech-loading 4-pounder swivel cannon was found during the 1923 season in the ruins of the tower of Fort St.Frédéric and is believed to be 250 years old. The ruins of the tower are being further excavated in the same area in expectation of finding at least one more cannon of this type.

Shearer, Thomas D., compiler
1994 Draft Unit Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Crown Point Public Campground. Volume II. Bureau of Recreation, Division of Operations, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany. December. 29 pp., appendices.
No comprehensive archeological inventory of the campground has ever been completed, and any activity requiring ground disturbance should be considered potentially destructive of significant resources. There are fortifications and other outworks associated with the French and British forts,and other fortifications were built during the Revolution. In addition, there is evidence of prehistoric Indian occupation as well as the site of the 19th-century lighthouse keeper's residence. The Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation archeologists have already investigated a number of these sites. Priorities are the archeological resource inventory, the stabilization of the bank near the lighthouse,and rehabilitation of the lighthouse. Archeological work will include a public education program, and results will include production of scholarly reports and the development of interpretive trails and exhibits.

Smith, H.P., editor
1885 History of Essex County. D.Mason & Co., Publishers, Syracuse, N.Y. 769 pp.
Not even a hamlet exists where once there was a large and busy village. There is evidence of a street from near the fort towards the mainland and of sidewalks. Ruins of cellars are visible on each side of this street, in close proximity to each other. Watson has noted the grading of the ground along the bay. One stone barracks on one side of the esplanade in the British fort has been demolished, and another is partially removed, for the purpose of using the building materials elsewhere. The walls of two barracks still stand bare and roofless, their beams charred by fire. These interesting ruins are now saved by the purchase of the site by the State. The Crown Point Iron Company owns adjoining lands and holds a lease of the State's purchase, but the ruined fort cannot be further desecrated. [Note: The State of New York did not acquire the sites of the forts until 1910.]

1886 History of Addison County, Vermont. D.Mason & Co., Publishers, Syracuse, N.Y. 836 pp., illus.
According to John Strong, French settlements extended north along the lake some 4 miles, and remains of old cellars and gardens are still to be seen (about 1860), indicating a more thickly settled street than occupies it now. Near where the mansion of General John Strong was later built were salt licks that were frequently visited by Benjamin Kellogg, a Connecticut soldier stationed at Crown Point under Amherst, in order to procure venison for the officers of the army. Kellogg returned to his old hunting grounds of 1762, recalling the clearings made by the French. John Strong built his house on the site and cellar of a ruined French house as the foundation.

Sonn,Albert H.
1928 Early American Wrought Iron. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Volume II, 205 pp. Volume III, 263 pp. [Reprinted by Bonanza Books, New York, 1979.]
Illustrates one of a pair of andirons. The andirons were recently found in the ruins of Fort St Frédéric. They had been permanently fixed to the fireplace where they were found, with the end of each log rest embedded in the masonry at the back of the fireplace. Also illustrates a hinge excavated from Fort St.Frédéric.

Sopko, Joseph S., and Lois M. Feister
1994 Archeological Investigations of the Brick Lot at John Jay Homestead State Historic Site. Waterford, N.Y. December. 45 pp.
Analysis of the brick clay from the wasters and comparison with brick from Albany and from Crown Point revealed distinguishable differences between the John Jay clay and the clays from the Albany area of the upper Hudson Valley and from the Champlain Valley.

Sopko, Joseph S., and Joseph E. McEvoy
1983 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of 17th and 18th Century Brick Samples from New York State: A Preliminary Study. Waterford, N.Y. October. 19 pp.

1987 Abraham vanGaasbeek's Occupation of the Senate House State Historic Site, Kingston, N.Y. Waterford, N.Y. April. 229 pp. [Draft version only.]
The higher amount of white salt-glazed stoneware than tin-glazed earthenwares among the ceramics recovered from excavations at the soldiers' barracks at Crown Point suggests a high economic and social status. This, however, can be explained by the fact that British military sites, especially forts, appear to have a different type of ceramic assemblage than domestic sites from the same time period. Domestic sites generally have much higher amounts of utility wares.

1991 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of 17th and 18th Century Bricks From New York State. Waterford, N.Y. February. 25 pp.

Starbuck, David R.
1994 "Introduction." Archaeology of the French & Indian War: Military Sites of the Hudson River, Lake George, and Lake Champlain Corridor edited by David R. Starbuck. Adirondack Community College, Queensbury, N.Y. 4 pp.[1-4].
Only at Saratoga Battlefield has archeology been pursued systematically over a long period of time in the Hudson River/Lake George/Lake Champlain corridor. At Crown Point, the archeological potential of the British fort is tremendous, and the State Division for Historic Preservation has conducted many small projects there. Most of the digging that has been done in Fort St.Frédéric was by Roland Robbins, the so-called "pick and shovel archaeologist."

Stember,Sol
1974 The Bicentennial Guide to the American Revolution: The War in the North. Volume I. Saturday Review Press, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York. 412 pp.
State archeologists have located the sites of both British and American blockhouses built at Crown Point in 1776, but the locations have not been made public because they are vulnerable to vandalism and must be protected until there is sufficient funding for a proper survey and interpretationfor visitors. [Note: The locations and identities of sites of blockhouses or redoubts dating from the Revolution have not been verified and remain uncertain.]

Swift, Samuel
1859 History of the Town of Middlebury in the County of Addison, Vermont. A.H. Copeland, Middlebury. 444 pp.
Remains of French embankments surrounding Chimney Point have been visible within a few years and are probably still to be seen. Old apple trees and plum trees planted by the French are still standing. French settlement extended probably 3 or 4 miles north of Chimney Point. The cellars and other remains of numerous huts are many of them still seen there. John Strong in 1765 built a log house around an old French chimney near the lake. David Vallance also converted the remains of another French hut into a tenement for his family to occupy. On the Strong farm were four old French cellars,and on the Vallance farm were three or four. On Crown Point, at "Sandy Point" at the northwest tip, John W. Strong of Vermont found arrowheads as well as several pistol and musket balls, two French military buttons,a copper coin of the 15th century, and two gun flints. He thought the location was the site of Champlain's battle in 1609.

Thomas, John M.
1911 "The Worth to a Nation of a Sense for its Past." Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association. Volume X. Published by the New York State Historical Association, n.p. 8 pp.[71-78].
"It is because of a true instinct of the value to the nation of a sense for its past that we seize upon every mound and stone of these ancient fortresses and bind ourselves in pious obligation to hand them down to our children's children in the grim severity in which they have been given over to us. ...This day we dedicate unto perpetual preservation a ruined castle of the might of France....Over these ruins imaginative light must kindle to the dullest soul."

Thomas, Peter A., Prudence Doherty, Margaret Gibb, and Geraldine Kochan
1984 Chimney Point Tavern State Property National Register Archaeological Evaluation. Consulting Archaeology Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Vermont. 80 pp., appendices.
An archeological survey was conducted to evaluate the archeological potential of the property, which was divided into several archeological site areas. Redware was the predominant historic ceramic type in all site areas. No evidence was found of the Bradley redware pottery that is said to have existed at Chimney Point. Site VT-AD-327 is the low meadow east of the Tavern and south of the tenant house. A continuous 8-meter interval grid was established over the area, and 54 test units were dug at 8-meter intervals. Two general periods of prehistoric occupation are Middle to Late Woodland and Terminal to Late Archaic. Levanna points suggest occupation after ca. 750 A.D. A fragment of steatite bowl was found. Historic artifacts include four metal buttons, two gun flints, a musketball, 13 white clay pipe fragments, and ceramics (predominantly redware). Prehistoric artifacts were in 45 of 54 test units, while historic artifacts were in 49 of 54 test units. All historic period artifacts north of the shoreline were found in the plowzone. Parts of two prehistoric features were found, either hearths or cooking pits. Toward the shoreline, the old ground surface has been buried beneath sand deposited by the lake beginning around the turn of the 19th century. VT-AD-329 is the site around the tavern on the high promontory. Artifacts include a broken Jew's harp, glass and metal buttons, a musket ball, white claypipe fragments, a brass trigger guard, seven gunflints, and many other items. The stratigraphy is complex. The old Case House site is between the ferry landing and base of the slope under the bridge. The house was built ca. 1785 by Jonah Case and stood until the 1880s. Faunal study of the whole collection indicates catfish was the major fish among the fish remains. Perch, gar, sunfish, sucker, and bass were also represented. Among the bird remains turkey was the major bird type. Of the 73% mammal bone at VT-AD-327, 23% was domestic. At VT-AD-329 about 70% of the potentially identifiable mammal bone has been identified. Of these, 96% are from domesticated animals.

Trudgen, Gary A.
1987 "Gilfoil's Coppers." The Colonial Newsletter. Volume 27, No. 2, Serial No. 76, July. 4 pp.[997-1000].
Coppers made by William Gilfoil circulated at the rate of 14 per shilling at Crown Point. Archeological excavations to date at Crown Point have not produced any artifact that might be considered to be an example of one of Gilfoil's coppers.

Walthall, John A.
1991 "French Colonial Fort Massac: Architecture and Ceramic Patterning." French Colonial Archaeology: The Illinois Country and the Western Great Lakes edited by John A. Walthall. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. 23 pp.[42-64].
Excavations at the site of Fort Massac, located in southern Illinois from 1757 to 1764, produced sherds of a limited variety of serving vessels and fragments of only a single cup. This pattern contrasts dramatically with that recorded for British officers during the same period, such as at Crown Point and Michilimackinac. At Crown Point the evidence has been interpreted as indicating that British ceramic production was so great by the end of the French and Indian War that even soldiers of lower ranks had access to porcelain and other refined tea service wares. Many French potteries could not compete with the British and closed. Admittedly, the location of Crown Point on a major shipping route near a well-supplied civilian population weakens the comparison of Crown Point with remote frontier posts such as Fort Massac, but the differences in the ceramic patterning at the two sites underscore the significant contrasts between 18th-century British and French military occupation.

Watson, Winslow C.
1853 "A General View and Agricultural Survey of the County of Essex." Transactions of the N.Y. State Agricultural Society. Volume XII. 1852. C. vanBenthuysen, Printer to the Legislature, No. 407 Broadway, Albany, N.Y. 150 pp.[649-898].
The ruins of the forts are now preserved and protected from vandalism by their private owner. The oven, covered way, and magazine of Fort St. Frédéric are easily distinguished. The British fort could be restored, but one barracks was demolished and another was partially removed before the site could be protected. There is clear evidence of the remains of a large community, undoubtedly from the French occupation. The area adjacent to Bulwagga Bay has been artificially sloped, with evidence of an avenue from the landing place, a street raised and paved with broken stone, and the ruins of cellars on either side of the street. Traces of a wall enclose an area of about two acres which was evidently a garden or orchard. Fruit trees grew there within the owner's memory. Asparagus and other plants brought by the settlers still flourish in a wild state. There are two large cemeteries in the area. A solitary farmhouse now occupies Crown Point.

1863 Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley. J. Munsell, 78 State Street, Albany, N.Y. 231 pp.
Tradition, verified by documents, estimates the population of the community in the Crown Point vicinity to have ranged from 1500 to 3000 persons. A street can be traced a long distance extending from the point to the mainland, raised and paved with broken stone, and ruins of cellars line the street on each side. It appears similar to the ancient French villages in Canada. The ground along the bay has been graded and sloped to accommodate bateaux and canoes. Fragments of lofty stone walls once enclosing gardens and orchards are still visible; on these grounds fruit trees flourished within the memory of living men. Sidewalks built of flagstones, smooth and worn, still remain. A single farmhouse now occupies Crown Point peninsula, and flocks of sheep graze there.

1869 The Military and Civil History of the County of Essex, New York. J. Munsell, State Street, Albany, N.Y. 504 pp.
The ruins of the forts are now guarded and preserved by private taste and intelligence. In Fort St.Frédéric the oven, covered way, and magazine are easily distinguished. The British fortcould still be restored; one barracks has been totally demolished and the other partially removed for building material. The walls of two other barracks still stand, empty and roofless. The inner walls bear soldiers' inscriptions. The well is almost 100 feet deep. The French occupation did not extend beyond the protection of their forts. There was a considerable, civilized community at Crown Point which documents indicate ranged from 1500 to 3000 persons. Crown Point functioned as a trading post where French and English goods were exchanged. The ground along the bay has been graded and sloped to the water. Ruins of enclosures include fragments of a wall, in one place, along which trees have sprung up and supported it. This enclosure, of about two acres, was evidently a fruit yard or garden, where fruit trees flourished within the present owner's recollection. A widely curving avenue swept along the margin of the lake toward a landing place. Parallel to this avenue on a slight crest are more distinct remains of occupation. A street, raised and covered with broken stone, can be traced a long distance toward the mainland. The ruins of cellars, many excavated from the solid rock, line each side of this street. The arrangement is similar to old French villages in Canada. Along this street is a remnant of sidewalk made of smooth, worn flagstones. The present occupant of the farm has removed many continuous rods of this pavement. There are two large cemeteries. Burials have been found in plowing. Asparagus and other imported plants now grow wild. The area was clear for about 4 miles at the end of the Revolution and was a beautiful, wide champaign, but it is now a heavy forest.

Wentworth, Dennis L.
1986 Crown Point 1986 Summer House Excavations. Waterford, N.Y. July. 3 pp.
In 1986 the survey of the summer house site was continued from the survey begun in 1984. The 1984 test units revealed a buried 18th-century stratum and a stone drain leaving from the north side of the site. Two trenches were excavated to determine if other structural remains are present. Not only was the base of a stone wall found, but the stratigraphy indicated that the feature was built within a large depression. Fragments of red clay floor tiles similar to those found in the Officers' Barracks were found. Also, many hand-wrought nails, several leadshot, ceramic sherds, part of a Germanor Dutch bayonet, and later, 20th-century deposits were found.

Compiled by Paul R. Huey

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTS, PUBLISHED ARTICLES,
AND BOOKS RELATING TO THE ARCHEOLOGY OF CROWN POINT
STATE HISTORIC SITE FROM 1995 THROUGH AUGUST 1996

Dunnigan, Brian L.
1995 "The Necessity of Regularity in quartering Soldiers: "The Organization, Material Culture and Quartering of the British Soldier at Michilimackinac. A Report to Mackinac State Historic Parks. Youngstown, N.Y. February. 102 pp.
Although there is documentation of wooden bowls and platters at Crown Point in 1773, archeological work behind the barracks suggests that soldiers might have often opted for finer wares when given an allowance to purchase their own.

Feister, Lois M.
1995a Johnson Hall Outbuildings, Landscape History, and Forgotten Features: Documentary and Archeological Research Conducted Between 1945 and 1991, Johnstown, Fulton County, New York. Waterford, N.Y. April. 486 pp.
An iron musketworm excavated at Crown Point is .42 calibre and has a double-turned coil. Also found at Crown Point is a tool similar to one found at Johnson Hall for scoring mortar in masonry work. A piece of iron hardware used in masonry construction is similar to one found at Fort St. Frédéric. The window glass at Johnson Hall is similar in its thickness to the glass from the Crown Point soldiers' barracks.

1995b "Current Research: New York State." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Number 32, October. 2 pp.[5-6].
Excavations at Crown Point in 1995 included research at the site of the summer house.

1995c The 18th Century SummerHouse Site at Crown Point State Historic Site: A Synthesis of Three Excavation Projects. Waterford, N.Y. December. 52 pp.
Excavations were conducted at Crown Point in 1984, 1986, and 1995 at the site of the summer house believed to have been built between 1759 and 1761. The excavations confirmed the 18th-century date of the site. However, the deep cellar hole at the site was reused in the 19th century and was probably, at first, an icehouse or root cellar under the summer house. Artifacts from the site include a Dutch/German bayonet.

1995d "Archaeology Summer Program: New York State Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation." NewYork Archaeological Council Newsletter. December. 2 pp.[8-9].
Excavations at Crown Point in 1995 included research at the site of the summer house.

Fisher, Charles L., and Paul R. Huey
1996 "Current Research and Future Directions in Archaeology at the Bureau of Historic Sites." A Northeastern Millennium: History and Archaeology for Robert E. Funk edited by Christopher Lindner and Edward V. Curtin. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology. Volume 12. 15 pp.[163-177].
When the State acquired Crown Point in 1910, the donor of the property required the ruins to be protected "from spoliation" and preserved in their present condition "for all time." Recent excavations in the barracks have since enabled a comparison of the architectural dimensions of military status. Outside the fort, excavations based on the results of remote sensing surveys have revealed the remains of Provincial soldiers' huts,and the artifacts have been studied in terms of their social meaning in the relationships between officers and soldiers and between professionals (Europeans) and amateurs (Provincials). Underwater surveys have also been commenced, and a long-term research program on the French occupation has been initiated.

Grumet, Robert S.
1995 Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United States in the Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London. 529 pp.
Crown Point is one of eight sites with evidence of French-Indian contact, from 1731 to 1760, and one of 27 sites with archeological evidence of Anglo-Indian contact, dating 1760 to 1777.

Huey, Paul R.
1995 Preliminary Report on Rescue Excavations Near the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse and Site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt at Crown Point, 1978. Waterford, N.Y. March. 20 pp. [Revision of the 1978 preliminary report.]
Testing and more extensive excavation at the location of a new sewage filtration bed and lift station occurred near the site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt, built in 1759 on a point where a fortified French windmill had stood previously. Evidence of Archaic and Late Woodland period prehistoric occupation was found. Also, remains of an historic defensive trench across the point were found but have not been identified from historic documents. It may have been dug by the French before 1759. Peter Kalm,in his description of the fortified French windmill during his visit in 1749, suggested that this high point should have been the site of the main French fort and that a ditch should have been dug across the neck to defend the fort and provide the fort with fresh water; however, such a ditch would have had to be more than 30 feet deep to let in lake water. Discovery of buttons of the 20th and 62nd Regiments, both of which were with Burgoyne at Crown Point in 1777, suggests occupation of this siteat that time. Although Burgoyne's main depot of supplies was directly across the lake on Chimney Point, the site of the Grenadiers' Redoubt may have been a temporary supply depot or may have been occupied by some of the troops left behind to guard the supplies at Chimney Point.

Murphy, William C.
1996 " Update." Vermont Archaeological Society Newsletter. Number 77, January. 2 pp.[5-6].
The second season of excavations at the John Strong mansion in Addison, Vermont, lasted for two weeks. Many artifacts, mostly from the 19th and 20th centuries, were recovered. Also there was found a complete Revolutionary War-period pike immediately to the rear of the mansion. A 2-foot deep vault was found that was identified as a stone privy; it was built down to bedrock and was located inside a barn.

Starbuck,David R.
1995a "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 28, Number 1, March. 3 pp.[25-27].
Archeological excavations in 1994 revealed French features, earlier than the previously uncovered British features, on the lakeshore that are threatened by erosion.

1995b "Current Research: Northeast." The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. Volume 28, Number 4, December. 3 pp.[11-13].
Excavations at Crown Point in 1995 included research at the site of the summer house.

Compiled by Paul R. Huey

A Bibliography of Reports, Published Articles, and Books Relating to the Archeology of Crown Point State Historic Site through August 1996

A Bibliography of Reports, Published Articles, and Books
Relating to the Archeology of Crown Point State Historic Site
through August 1996